1. Liquid Penetrant Testing

2. Non- Destructive Testing
Methods to test soundness or properties of a material , component , assembly without affecting the material’s properties
100’s of NDT methods available
Examples
Visual Inspection, Thermo graphic imaging , UT, Xray etc , MPI, LPI, strain guaging

3. Purpose for NDE To locate/assess defects in materials and assemblies
To check dimensions , thickness, coating, hardness

4. NDE
Advantages
Can be performed on actual material not on samples as in destructive tests
Can be performed at remote sites

5. LPI Used for surface defects only For non-porous materials
Can be performed on variety of material, magnetic, non- magnetic, plastics etc

6. LPI….
Method
Apply Penetrant which seeps into defects (as low as 0.1micron size) by capillary action
Red dye penetrant for use in in daylight
Fluorescent penetrant for use under dark conditions
After dwell time clean off the excess penetrant material
Apply developer and observe the penetrant to come out of
surface defects

7. Dye Penetrant Chemicals
Wide range of Dye Penetrant Chemicals are used in various industries for various purposes.
The Dye Penetrant Chemicals are available for checking the cracks in visible day light. Also they are available in two forms, viz. solvent removable and water washable.
Fluorescent Penetrant Chemicals, which indicate defects as brilliant yellow green lines under UV Black Light are available These Fluorescent Dye Penetrants are widely appreciated because of their water and solvent washable capabilities.

8. Dye Penetrant Chemicals

9. Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
Non-Destructive testing is the use of noninvasive techniques to determine the integrity of a material, component or structure or quantitatively measure some characteristics of an object. It is the testing of materials, for surface or internal flaws or metallurgical condition, without interfering in any way with the integrity of the material or its suitability for service.
i.e. Inspect or measure without doing harm.

10. Importance of NDT
NDT increases the safety and reliability of the product during operation.
It decreases the cost of the product by reducing scrap and conserving materials, labor and energy.
It enhances the reputation of the manufacturer as a producer of quality goods. All of the above factors boost the sales of the product which bring more economical benefits for the manufacturer.
NDT is also used widely for routine or periodic determination of quality of the plants and structures during service.
This not only increases the safety of operation but also eliminates any forced shut down of the plants.

11. Methods of NDT Thermography Visual Microwave Magnetic Particle
Tap Testing
X-ray
Acoustic Microscopy
Acoustic Emission
Liquid Penetrant
Magnetic Measurements
Ultrasonic
Replication
Laser Interferometry
Eddy Current
Flux Leakage

12. Six Most Common NDT Methods
Visual Testing (VT)
Dye Penetrant Testing (DPT)
Magnetic Particle Testing (MPT)
Ultrasonic Testing (UT)
Eddy Current Testing (ECT)
Radiography Testing (RT)

13. Visual Testing
Visual testing is the most basic and common inspection method involves in using of human eyes to look for defects. But now it is done by the use special tools such as video scopes, magnifying glasses, mirrors, or borescopes to gain access and more closely inspect the subject area.
Visual Testing Equipments:
Mirrors (especially small, angled mirrors),
Magnifying glasses,
Microscopes (optical and electron),
Borescopes and fiber optic borescopes,
Closed circuit television (CCTV) systems,
Videoscope.

14. Visual Testing Equipments
Fig: Videoscope
Fig: Advanced Videoscope
Fig: Borescopes
Fig: Magnifying glass
Fig. Microscope

15. Dye Penetrant Testing
This method is commonly used for detect the surface cracks or defects. Dye penetrant Testing (DPT) is one of the most widely used nondestructive Testing (NDT) methods. DPT can be used to inspect almost any material provided that its surface is not extremely rough.

16. Dye Penetrant Testing Process
Three liquids are
used in this method.
Cleaner
Penetrant
Developer

17. Dye Penetrant Testing of a Boiler
At first the surface of the material that is to be tested is cleaned by a liquid. The liquid is called cleaner.

18. Dye Penetrant Testing of a Boiler
Then a liquid with high surface wetting characteristics is applied to the surface of the part and allowed time to seep into surface breaking defects. This liquid is called penetrant. After five or ten minutes the excess penetrant is removed from the surface.

19. Dye Penetrant Testing of a Boiler
Then another liquid is applied to pull the trapped penetrant out the defect and spread it on the surface where it can be seen. This liquid is called deveoper.

20. Findings After Dye Penetrant Testing there are two surface cracks are
Detected.
Two surface cracks

21. Advantages of Dye Penetrant Testing
This method has high sensitivity to small surface discontinuities.
Large areas and large volumes of parts/materials can be inspected rapidly and at low cost.
Indications are produced directly on the surface of the part and constitute a visual representation of the flaw.
Aerosol spray can make penetrant materials very portable.
Penetrant materials and associated equipments are relatively inexpensive.

22. Limitations of Dye Penetrant Testing
Only surface breaking defects can be detected.
Precleaning is critical since contaminants can mask defects.
The inspector must have direct access to the surface being inspected.
Surface finish and roughness can affect inspection sensitivity.
Post cleaning of acceptable parts or materials is required.
Chemical handling and proper disposal is required.

23. Liquid Penetrant Testing
Liquid penetrant inspection is a method that is used to reveal surface breaking flaws by bleed out of a colored or fluorescent dye from the flaw.

24. Liquid Penetrant Testing
The technique is based on the ability of a liquid to be drawn into a "clean" surface breaking flaw by capillary action.
Penetration
Penetrant
Fluorescent penetrant on surface seeps into the crack.

25. Liquid Penetrant Testing
Emulsifies is applied to the penetrant. Emulsifier mixes with penetrant on the surface, but penetrant in the crack is not emulsified. Emulsifier makes the mixture washable .
Emulsification
Emulsifier and penetrant
Penetrant only

26. Liquid Penetrant Testing
Water spray removes the emulsified penetrant. Water removes the surface film as well.
Rinse
water
Penetrant only

27. Liquid Penetrant Testing
Developer draws the penetrant out of the crack.
Development
developer
Penetrant

28. Liquid Penetrant Testing
Black light causes the penetrant to glow in dark.
Inspection
Black Light
Developer
Penetrant

29. Liquid Penetrant Testing
Liquid penetrant inspection is a method that is used to reveal surface breaking flaws by bleed out of a colored or fluorescent dye from the flaw.

30. Liquid penetrant inspection
For detection of surface defects
Inexpensive and convenient
Largely used on nonmagnetic materials for which magnetic particle inspection is not possible.
Unable to inspect subsurface flaws.
Loss of resolution on porous materials.

31. LPI Used for surface defects only For non-porous materials
Can be performed on variety of material, magnetic, non- magnetic, plastics etc

32. LPI….
Method
Apply Penetrant which seeps into defects (as low as 0.1micron size) by capillary action
Red dye penetrant for use in in daylight
Fluorescent penetrant for use under dark conditions
After dwell time clean off the excess penetrant material
Apply developer and observe the penetrant to come out of
surface defects

33. Dye Penetrant Chemicals
Wide range of Dye Penetrant Chemicals are used in various industries for various purposes.
The Dye Penetrant Chemicals are available for checking the cracks in visible day light. Also they are available in two forms, viz. solvent removable and water washable.
Fluorescent Penetrant Chemicals, which indicate defects as brilliant yellow green lines under UV Black Light are available These Fluorescent Dye Penetrants are widely appreciated because of their water and solvent washable capabilities.

34. Dye Penetrant Chemicals

35. High-visibility liquid
Penetrant
High-visibility liquid

36. Liquid penetrant inspection method
1. Apply a penetrant to the surface.
2. Pull penetrant to the surface crack by capillary action.
3. Remove excessive penetrant.
4. Extract some penetrant to the surface.