1. BELLWORK: 1/27
Read “The Guillotine” on pg. 348 and answer the following questions:
What could potentially go wrong with the guillotine as an execution method?
What does the guillotine symbolize?
THINKER: Why was the guillotine considered a more humane form of execution? Do you agree with this?

2. The Guillotine

3. The Guillotine
Named after Dr. Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, a French medical doctor and lawmaker.
He did not invent the guillotine, he just made it “mainstream”
In 1790, he proposed that every criminal who was sentenced to death should be executed in the same way, regardless of social rank.
He argued that France should use the guillotine to execute criminals, because it was a humane, egalitarian form of execution.

4. A Humane, Egalitarian Form of Execution?
Before the French Revolution, criminals would be executed in different ways, based upon their social rank.
Condemned nobles would be given a quick death by beheading.
Commoners often faced torture and a long, drawn-out death.
With the guillotine, Dr. Guillotin and other officials thought that they could execute criminals without causing pain or suffering.

6. The National Assembly adopted Guillotin’s proposal in 1791.
It became the official execution method of France in 1792.
Louis XVI signed it into law.
Law on the death penalty, and the mode of execution to be followed in the future.

7. The official executioner of the French Revolution, Charles-Louis Sanson, said this about the guillotine in 1792:
“Relative to the methods of execution practiced heretofore, this machine has several advantages. It is less repugnant: no man's hands will be tainted with the blood of his fellow being, and the worst of the ordeal for the condemned man will be his own fear of death, a fear more painful to him than the stroke which deprives him of life”

9. What do all these scenes of execution have in common?

10. Partner Reading: New French Government
As you know, the National Assembly (3rd Estate) formed after they were locked out of the Estates-General. They are the group that leads the Revolution and it is their goal to create a new government!
For this partner reading, you are going to focus on the changes the National Assembly made to the new French Government.
With a partner, you will each read a different topic about the new government and the National Assembly
As you read, answer the following questions in your notes.
Once both people are finished reading, you will teach the information to your partner.
Take good notes! Your partner is depending on you!
You can either write the question OR write in a complete sentence. I am checking these for points Monday!

11. A New French Government
Partner A (pgs )
Partner B (pgs )
End of the Old Order (340)
List three decisions the National Assembly made at the August 1789 meeting.
Explain the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
How did the King respond to the Declaration?
A New France (341)
How was the National Assembly going to pay off their debts?
What did the Constitution of 1791 set up? What new rights did it give French citizens?
Decline of the French Monarchy
What happened to the King and Queen when they tried to escape to Austria?
What happened after France declared war?
A French Republic
What did delegates decide at the National Convention?
What new laws were implemented under France’s first democratic constitution?

12. No bellwork today! Finish Friday’s rdng!
Partner A (pgs )
Partner B (pgs )
End of the Old Order (340)
List three decisions the National Assembly made at the August 1789 meeting.
Explain the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
How did the King respond to the Declaration?
A New France (341)
How was the National Assembly going to pay off their debts?
What did the Constitution of 1791 set up? What new rights did it give French citizens?
Decline of the French Monarchy
What happened to the King and Queen when they tried to escape to Austria?
What happened after France declared war?
A French Republic
What did delegates decide at the National Convention?
What new laws were implemented under France’s first democratic constitution?

13. Partner Discussion & Review
What did the National Assembly change about the government and religion of France? How did the king respond?
What did the Constitution of 1791 rule?
What type of government did French moderates & radicals want?
How did war with Austria in 1792 affect views of the French monarchy?
What happened to the monarchs when they tried to flee Paris?
What were the “September Massacres?” How did this mark a shift in government?
Prior to 1792, the National Assembly still supported a monarchy, but after 1792, the National Assembly decided a monarchy, although limited, is corrupt and ineffective. What caused this change in opinion?

14. Positions are directly/indirectly elected rather than inherited
The French Republic
Republic: a form of government in which the country is considered a “public matter”
Positions are directly/indirectly elected rather than inherited

15. Discussion: Moderates vs. Radicals
Still believed a monarchy could work
Supported individual rights
Limit power of king by adding a legislature
Marquis de Lafayette
Believed a monarchy could not work
Supported individual rights
Wanted to abolish rule by the king and implement a republic
Led by the Jacobins

16. The French Republic
War with Austria  “September Massacres”  radicals took over the National Assembly
After their victory against Austria, the National Convention (meeting of National Assembly) met in Paris to create a new government
Ordered the end of the monarchy, and made France a republic!
Meeting from and passed many democratic reforms, mainly, all men could vote!

17. The French Republic
Before it could enter a new republican era, the Convention had a problem to deal with……… Louis XVI
In November 1792, a large iron box holding Louis’s secret correspondence with foreign monarchs was found in the royal palace.
Although the letters provided little evidence against Louis, the radicals successfully used them to discredit the monarchs.
In December 1792, Louis was tried before the National Convention and convicted of having “conspired against the liberty of the nation”

18. The Death of a King
“I forgive my enemies; I trust that my death will be for the happiness of my people, but I grieve for France and I fear that she may suffer the anger of the Lord”
Louis XVI as he faced execution
In January 1793, Louis XVI was executed by the guillotine.

21. No bellwork today. In your notes create a review timeline!
Events to Include
Directions
September Massacres
Storming of the Bastille
Reign of Terror
Republic Established
Declaration of Rights of Man/Citizen
Estates-General meets
Radicals take the National Assembly
Jacobins come to power
Tennis Court Oath
Louis XVI’s execution
In your notes, draw a timeline that spans from
Start with Louis and Marie Antoinette’s rise to power in (HINT: the next event isn't until 1789 so save room!)
Include all events listed to the right
Save room for three events after the Reign of Terror.

22. The Reign of Terror
In the days that followed, enthusiasm and pride swept through France!
Soon, even wealthy Parisians addressed each other as “citizen” rather than “mister” or “madame”
While the nation celebrated the republic, debate over the revolution’s future erupted in the Convention.
Here, a group of extreme radicals, the Jacobins, came into power.
Important radical leaders, like Maximilien Robespierre fought to make the revolution more radical, and more open to extreme & violent change.
They instituted the “Reign of Terror,” (September 1793 – July 1794) in which more than 12,000 people were put to death.
Most were killed because they were suspected of helping France’s enemies during the Revolution. (80% were commoners)

23. The Reign of Terror

24. Robespierre
"Terror is nothing else than justice; prompt, severe, inflexible justice. The government in a revolution is the dictatorship of liberty against tyranny.” 
Maximilien Robespierre, 1794

25. Jacobins celebrating the death of wealthy aristocrats (left), and when the guillotine wasn’t quick enough, they executed people through mass shootings (below)

26. A depiction of Robespierre guillotining the executioner after having guillotined everyone else in France

27. Reading: The Reign of Terror
To learn more about this period in French history, we will read a handout, and you will take notes on the following points:
Rule of the Jacobins
Why/How people were killed
Revolutionary Tribunal
French citizens’ reactions/responses
Maximilien de Robespierre

28. Rule of the directory
After the Terror ended in 1794, the constitution changed again.
The Jacobins were forced out and the Directory came to power  “coup d'état”
Their goal was to restore order and implement a new government.
The Directory appointed Napoleon Bonaparte as leader
Napoleon was a successful military general during the French Revolution and implemented many laws that are still used today!

29. Get out your book and blue wkst!
After the Terror ended in 1794, the constitution changed again.
The Jacobins were forced out and the Directory came to power  “coup d'état”
Their goal was to restore order and implement a new government.
The Directory appointed Napoleon Bonaparte as leader
Napoleon was a successful military general during the French Revolution and implemented many laws that are still used today!

31. Rule of Napoleon ( )
Napoleon will not only bring an end to the revolution, but he also implemented many successful domestic and foreign policies.
Domestic – improves economy, education, law, equality, building projects, etc.
Foreign – invades Europe, expands empire, builds strong military
To learn more about Napoleon’s domestic and foreign achievements, you will read pages and complete the worksheet.

32. CLOSURE Time for a TIMELINE!!!
Let’s review over everything we’ve learned about the French Revolution so far….

33. The Reign of Terror
To learn more about this period in French history, we will read a handout, and you will take take notes on the corresponding worksheet.
Due tomorrow!

34. What is the difference? REPUBLIC DEMOCRACY
Representative form of government that is ruled according to a charter/constitution
Limits power of leader, while protecting individual rights
DEMOCRACY
Government that is ruled by the will of the majority
In a true democracy, the majority rules in all circumstances

35. The French Republic
“Our soldiers were badly clothed, they had no straw to sleep on, no blankets, they sometimes went two days without bread. I never once saw them complain … The tiredness and hardship they have suffered have been rewarded”
French Commander Charles-Francois Dumouriez, 1792
In September 1792, Prussia and Austria invaded France.
“All are burning with a desire to fight! We need boldness….and France will be saved!” (Revolutionary, Georges-Jacques Danton)
In response to Danton’s words, thousands of volunteers came forward to defend the revolution.
French army won! This victory boosted the spirits of revolutionaries.
French forces had stopped the powerful armies of Europe’s monarchs and saved the revolution.