1. Criminology Unit 6
Crime and Punishment

2. 2 Basic Objectives _________________________?
*What is the purpose of punishment?
*What rights should be provided to victims of crimes as well as convicted felons?
*What is Due Process and how should it be applied?
*Should punishment fit the crime or the person?
*What is cruel and unusual punishment?

3. 5 Philosophies of Punishment
_________________
Education
Punishment to “scare” from future crime
Lock-up and remove from society
Retribution
Pay back to society
Treatment
Psychological and physiological causes
Throughout U.S. history, examples can be found of each
Many times philosophies based upon events

4. Criminal Justice System
Police, Courts and Corrections
Courts designed as ____________________
______________ versus ______________
Burden of proof falls on _________________
Guilt beyond _________________________
_________ Guilt versus __________ Guilt
Factual: ________________________________
Legal: _________________________________
Courts designed with _______________________
____________ Jurisdiction versus ____________
Rights of accused maintained throughout justice system
Amendments protecting civil liberties
4th, 5th, 6th, 8th and 14th

5. Amendments and Rights in the Justice System
4th Amendment
________________________________________
5th Amendment
6th Amendment
8th Amendment
14th Amendment

6. Rights in the Justice System
________ Rights and ________ Rights
Much of the reform in both areas occurred in _______________
Victim Rights
__________________________________
Inmate Rights
No right to bear arms
Examples: Right to Disciplinary Hearings, Religious, Speech, Legal Assistance, Medical and Protection

7. History of Punishment __________________: 1750 B.C.
One of earliest known legal codes
Many forms of early punishments carried _________________________
Law of Retaliation
“Eye for an Eye”
Many forms of early punishments today would be considered cruel and unusual

8. Forms of Punishment ________________________
Common in biblical times and Europe
Brought to Colonies
Last officially sanctioned in Delaware in 1952
Michael Fay: American student in Singapore in 1994
____________________________
Difficult to commit further crime and form or record keeping
Amputate hand of thief, pluck eyes of spies, castration
Lesser form of mutilation (still a form of record keeping)
Different marks for different crimes
1st offense branding on hand; 2nd on forehead
Usually in public square
Punishment by community
Stocks and Pillory
Bringing back today with shoplifters, DWI and Prostitution
Originally established for minor criminals or those in debt
Teach work skills
Early form of Prison
Removal from land
Examples throughout history

9. Development of Prison System
________________________________________________________________________
Emergence in U.S. in late _____’s
Some examples from World History in 1400’s
Influence of _______________ in Colonies
Idea of _________________
Make amends with society and accept responsibility
Annual budget of incarceration in U.S. is $___ billion
Inmate health care over $__ billion
Spending on incarceration has tripled since 1980
Approximately $____ for each U.S. resident per year
Overall rate for violent and property crimes has declined by ___ percent
Incarceration rate of ____ inmates per 100,000 residents
Compared to other major countries around 115 per 100,000
Mandatory sentencing and repeat-offender laws

10. Capital Punishment Government ordered taking of another life
Many early forms were _______________
Fear of demons (execution from a distance)
________ most associate with England in 1200’s
“Long-drop” and “Short-drop”
___________________ with swords or axes
Role of the ______________ in executions
______________ famous with _________
Developed machine used by others
Also used by Nazis
Last public execution: 1939 ; overall: 1977

11. Further Examples ___________________
Developed in ________________ in 1890
First used in __________________
Association with Nazi’s use of poisonous gas leads to negative feelings
Extremely costly and dangerous
Most common method used in U.S. today
“34” states and Federal government

12. History of Death Penalty
Earliest known executions
Captain __________________ (1608)
Executed in Jamestown
Convicted of being a spy for Spain
______________________ (1622)
Virginia governor enacts the Divine, Moral and Martial Laws in 1612
Execution for stealing grapes, killing chickens, or trading with Natives
Executed in Virginia for theft
Estimated today 15,000-20,000 executions
Not officially recorded until _________
Most executions in single year: ___ with ___

13. Supreme Court Cases and the Death Penalty
1972: ________ vs. _______
Court rules violation of 8th and 14th Amendments
1976: Death penalty is reinstated and left to the states
3 separate Supreme Court cases
______ vs. ______
March, 2005: ______ vs. ______
Supreme Court changes ruling identifying that individual’s under the age of ___ at time of offense cannot be executed
Based on earlier ruling of Atkins vs. Virginia determining mentally challenged cannot be executed as well

14. Death Penalty Today
Currently “__” states, Federal government and U.S. military have the legislation to currently authorize sentence of death
34 states have provisions for current death sentence with 2 states still having individuals on death row
Both Pennsylvania and California have halted executions
___________ just voted to reinstate death penalty
___________ is the primary method in all states that have Capital Punishment
All other methods have lethal injection as primary method
8 use the electric chair
3 have the gas chamber
3 allow for hanging
2 permit the firing squad

15. Recent Execution Statistics
___ people executed in 2016 (as of Oct. 28, 2016)
Since 1976, 1,439 executions
_______ has had 538 of total
28 in 2015
35 in 2014
39 in 2013
43 in 2012
Death Row Inmates by Race
Approximate ratio
42% White
42% African-American
13% Hispanic
3% other
2,905 prisoners on death row
_____________: 741
Excess cost of $200 million a year maintaining death row population
California has carried out 3 executions total in past 10 years

16. Race and the Death Penalty
Over 75% of murder victims in cases resulting in an execution were white, even though nationally only 50% of murder victims are generally white
North Carolina Study
Out of 35 African Americans that kill Caucasians, 15 sentenced to death
73 Caucasians charged with killing African Americans, 11 were executed
Recent study of interracial murders identifying persons Executed
White defendant and black victim (31)
Black defendant and white victim (289)

17. Minnesota and the Death Penalty
Last execution took place in _______
William Williams convicted of double murder
Friend and friend’s mother
Hanging took place at Ramsey County Jail
Miscalculated slack of rope
Williams died after 14 minutes from strangulation
Minnesota abolishes death penalty in 1911