1. From Conception to Birth
Pregnancy
From Conception to Birth

2. What happens during conception?
Sperms’ journey
Ovulation
Passage to Fallopian Tubes
Conception: Egg to Embryo

3. Ovulation video

4. Fertilization
During sexual intercourse the penis becomes erect for the transfer of sperm into the vagina.
After intercourse, the sperm cells swim through the female reproductive tract and enter the oviducts.
If they meet with an egg in the oviduct, egg and sperm cell may unite.
The fusion of a sperm cell nucleus and an egg cell nucleus is known as fertilization
A fertilized egg is known as a zygote.

5. Fertilization Fertilization generally occurs
when the egg is in the upper
portion of the oviduct.
If the egg is not fertilized within about 24 hours after ovulation, it breaks down and disappears.
Six to ten days later, the resulting zygote may become implanted (attached) in the lining of the uterus.

6. What happens during conception?
Fertilization – sperm meets egg
Cells begin to divide
Implantation
Fetal Development

7. Fertilization

8. The Human Zygote Fertilization Two Cells Four Cells Implantation
Morula Stage
Blastocyst Stage

9. Prenatal Development When the fertilized egg arrives in the
uterus, it implants itself in the
thickened, spongy uterine wall.
After eight weeks of development the embryo is called the fetus.
The period of time between the fertilization of the egg and the birth of the offspring is called gestation
In humans the gestation period is nine months or approximately 266 days.

10. Human Gestation

11. Fetal development: Divided into 3 trimesters
First trimester=0-14 weeks

12. Embryo-cluster of cells that develop between the third and eight week.
About ¼ inch long

13. 4 – 6 Weeks Placenta can be seen Baby floats in amniotic sac
This sac protects the baby from bumps from outside world
Heart starts beating
Embryo size of a pea
CNS developing including the spine
Eyes forming

14. Placenta The amniotic sac is the sac that surrounds the baby and
protects it
Placenta-thick blood rich tissue
that lines the walls of the uterus
during pregnancy and nourishes
the embryo
Inside cord: three vessels;
one large vein carrying O2 blood and nutrients to baby
2 smaller arteries carrying carbon dioxide and wastes from baby to placenta

15. 6- 7 weeks Arms and legs take shape Embryo starts to move
Ear buds forming
Teeth forming
Palate (roof of mouth) forming
CNS still developing

16. Fetus-developing group of cells after the 8th week
Eyes, ears, nose and mouth form
Placenta and umbilical cord have developed
Almost an inch long
About the size of a grape (9 weeks)

17. 8 - 9 weeks (2 – 2 ½ months) Arms and legs are lengthening
External reproductive organs starting to form (men determine the sex of the child)
Big vein in umbilical cord carries blood that brings water, oxygen and nutrients from mother
Smaller veins carry away wastes

18. 2nd trimester=15-28 weeks
16 weeks-fetus can blink, eyebrow & eyelash develops, can grasp and kick
21 weeks-fetus can hear conversations about 12 inches long
May survive if born after 24 weeks, but need special medical care (pic on left 24 weeks)

19. 3 months Only three inches long but looking like a baby
Bones are growing
Now considered a FETUS
Baby very flexible
Lots of cartilage

20. 4-5 months Mother can start to feel baby move Eyelids still closed
Baby can start to hear nearby sounds
Baby might be able to survive if born now
The fetus is the size of a squirrel
Miscarriage is an expulsion of a fetus BEFORE the 20th week.
Fetus can feel pain.

21. 6 months (24 weeks) Viable to survive if born CNS still developing
Fetus can control digestion
300 bones, not fused
Lots of wrinkles
Sleeps and wakes in cycles

22. Third Trimester-29 weeks to birth
Fetus uses all five senses.
Pass water from the bladder
Some fetuses dream in 8th and 9th month.

23. 7 – 9 months (28 – 36 weeks)
Fetus is adding layer of fat to cushion self
Cerebral cortex developing

25. Summary of Human Development

27. Twins
Identical twins
Single egg fertilized by single sperm and it splits in two.
Same gender, look alike, etc. because same genetic material.
Fraternal twins
Female’s ovaries release two eggs
Each twin has different genetic make-up and can be a different sex and look different. (similar to siblings)
More common than identical

28. How twins form

29. Twins in Utereo

30. Identical vs. Fraternal Twins

31. Pregnant with twins & triplets

32. Twins at birth

33. Co-joined twins (Siamese Twins)
Chang & Eng Bunker of Siam

34. In Vitro Fertilization
It is now possible for fertilization to take place outside the human body (in vitro). The fertilized egg is then implanted in the uterus so that development can occur.
What commonly results in:
Four offspring - quadruplets
Five offspring - quintuplets
Six offspring - sextuplets
Seven offspring - septuplets
Eight offspring - octuplets
Nine offspring - nonuplets
Ten offspring - decuplets

35. Stages of labor:

36. Stage 1: Dilation Contractions of uterus cause cervix to widen
Amniotic sac breaks that surrounds baby

37. Effaced

38. Stage 2:Passage through birth canal
Cervix is fully dilated
Emerges from mother’s body
Right after baby takes its first breath.
Cries to clear amniotic fluid out of lungs.

39. Stage 3: Afterbirth Placenta (afterbirth) is delivered
Umbilical cord is cut to separate placenta and baby.

40. Postnatal Development
Following birth, the placenta is discarded from the mother’s body and the mother begins producing milk from mammary glands located in the breasts.
The mother’s breast milk is normally the best natural food for a newborn baby.

41. Developmental Disabilities
During pregnancy, essential that the expectant mother provide good prenatal care by:
eating nutritious foods,
avoiding alcohol, tobacco, and drugs
receiving proper medical attention regularly.
Using Alcohol, Tobacco or drugs may cause:
low birth rates,
premature births,
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Other birth defects.

42. Alcohol During Pregnancy
When a pregnant woman drinks,
so does her baby.
The baby's growth can
be altered and slowed.
The baby may suffer lifelong damage.
Drinking during the first few weeks,
when many women don’t know they
are pregnant, can be especially
harmful to the baby’s CNS.

43. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
FAS – A group of mental and physical birth defects caused by a women drinking alcohol during her pregnancy.

44. The Signs and Symptoms of FAS
PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
Small head and identifiable facial features.
Abnormal or deformed limbs, hands or feet.
Heart, liver and kidney problems
Vision and hearing problems.
MENTAL SYMPTOMS
Slow growth and coordination.
Difficulty staying focused,
Difficulty recognizing and understanding patterns,
Difficulty predicting "common sense" outcomes
Difficulty mastering math and reading

45. How much alcohol is safe to drink for a pregnant women ?
FAS is not just in children of mothers who abuse alcohol or are heavy drinkers.
The latest research shows that as little as two drinks in early pregnancy or four drinks all at once (a binge episode) can kill developing brain cells.
Many people believe an "occasional" drink during pregnancy is safe. NOT TRUE!!
For that reason, no amount of alcohol
is considered safe for a pregnant
woman!!!

46. Preventing FAS/FAE
Drinking alcohol during pregnancy is the leading causes of mental retardation in the world.
FAS is totally preventable!!
There is no safe
amount of alcohol to drink!!
No safe time in which to drink it!!
Even small amounts can harm the fetus

48. Other Complications:
Miscarriage-spontaneous expulsion of a fetus that occurs before the 20th week of pregnancy.
Stillbirth-a dead fetus expelled from the body after the 20th week of pregnancy.
Ectopic pregnancy-zygote implants in fallopian tubes, abdomen, ovary or cervix. Needs to be removed.
Preeclampsia-prevents placenta from getting enough blood. May result in low birth weight. Symptoms are high blood pressure, swelling, high protein in urine. Treatment is medicines and bed rest.