1. Harry Harlow
By Nobuko Brady

2. Harry Frederic Israel Born on October 31st, 1905
Grew up in Fairfield, southeast Iowa
Small and shy

3. Israel Family Alonzo (Lon) Harlow Israel Mable Rock Israel
Dropped out of medical school
Good at inventing – washer
Ran a general store with Mable
Mable Rock Israel
Small
Not a warm woman
本はお母さんのことについてあんまり話さなかったけど、unfinished autobiographyでハリーが言ってた一言

4. Israel Family 4 boys Not attending to church Parenting style
Robert, Delmer, Harry, Hue
Not attending to church
couldn’t find their denomination
Seen as not very social
Parenting style
Did not raise the boys to be conformers
Encouraged the boys to be successful
Harry had three brothers Robert, Delmer, and Hue.
First to think for themselves, fitting took in second place
Parents and relatives saved up money for college

5. Elementary to High school
Loved writing poems and drawing
Wrote 14 classmates poems
topped out on an aptitude test by University of Iowa.
Graduated from high school in 1923
“be famous”
High school grades were not too good or bad, and topped out….

6. College A year at Reed College Transferred to Stanford
Got interested in Zoology
Transferred to Stanford
Got C+ in English
Changed his major to Psychology
He liked zoology, but he hated dissection of frog, so he was interested in science like zoology but not related to dead frog.

7. Stanford University Mentors Dissertation Calvin Stone Walter Miles
Lewis Terman
Stanford-Binet IQ test
Research on gifted students
Dissertation
Feeding habits in baby rats
Animal Behaviorist
Editor of Comparative and Psychological Psychology
Moral mentor
Harry had a lot of experience with rats while he was working under them.
Terman Developed Stanford-Binet IQ Test and did research on gifted students

8. Name change and Job at UW
Terman suggested to change name
Israel to Harlow for prejudice towards Jews at that time
Accepted as an assistant Psychology professor in 1930
Only 4 professors
Old rat lab for research
His name was still Israel but changed anyways

9. Clara Mears Harry’s graduate student One of Terman’s gifted students
Smart, friendly, and warm
Harry and Clara got married n May 7th, 1932
UW rule
Clara dropped out Ph.D Program
Worked at a department store

10. Animal experiments Rats are the main research animal
Harry experimented on cats and frogs
Clara suggested orangutans
Harry went to Henry Vilas Zoo
intelligence test on Orangutans & Baboon
intellectually curious
fell in love with one of Harry’s student
Harry decided to study monkeys
Harry was tired of rats he did not like cats and frogs either
Harry was interested in Orangutans

11. Abraham Maslow Harry’s first graduate student Hierarchy of needs
Dissertation
Hierarchy of primates at the zoo
Harry was close to him. They were close and they both knew monkeys were extraordinary animal when other people did not believe.
Hierarchy shapes social lives
Alpha males – the power monkeys
Related their hierarchy system to human society

12. The 1st Primate Lab at UW
After 2 years, Harry was finally offered a primate research lab
An abandoned building
Renovated and built an outside cage
Football players
Poor students

13. Animal Intelligence Monkeys in the lab escaped often
Harry believed in “Animal intelligence”
Behaviorism was big
Animals can be conditioned but are not intelligent and have no emotions.
Harry was not against classical conditioning
But did not cover everything.

14. WGTA (1938) Wisconsin General Test Apparatus
Became famous among primates research
Skinner also approved

15. Rhesus Macaques Used WGTA Cheapest kind of monkeys
Still one of the most used monkeys for research
Smart and show humanistic behaviors
Used WGTA
Harry treated them very well because he had a limited number of monkeys

16. Curiosity Monkeys who get treats vs no treats
Monkeys who did NOT get treats did BETTER on the intelligence test.
Less distracted
Monkeys do not try to learn for food
They are curious.
This was not conditioning, this was learning. .

17. End of 1st Marriage Harry and Clara had two sons
Stressed about his private life
Spend most of his time at the lab
Took his son to the lab but never talked to him
On September 6, 1946, Clara and Harry divorced
Clara took the boys with her to Rhode island

18. Goon Park Nick name of Psychology department at UW- Madison
An uneasy atmosphere in the department
Members did not speak to each other
Professors blamed others for stealing each other’s work

19. Margaret(Peggy) Kuenne
Harry’s fellow researcher
Beautiful and smart
Had wedding on February 4th, 1948
UW forced Peggy quit as a researcher
Hired as an unofficial editor at the lab
Had two children
Work is first, Family is second
Maggy loved her children
Different face in front of her children
Harry helped Peggy taking care of children when he had a time.
He still spent most of his times at the lab
He thought of his research clues as family
Even though according to UW policy, Peggy had to quit being a researcher, because she had PHd In psychology and respected as a good scientist, she was able to work as an editor.

20. Harry Harlow’s personality
Sarcastic
Edgy
Completely opposed to sentiment
Not a good father
Perfect for his job – very objective
Research love as science
Harry did not have anybody close to him
He was sad from his divorce
Started drinking by himself
Loneliness

21. Isolation Practices Orphanages – “Baby killers”
¼ of babies born between 1850 to 1900 died before they turned 4
In some orphanages, the death rate was 100% of babies younger than 1
sicknesses & diseases
Isolation
Doctors thought this is the way to resolve this problem
Keep no germ environments
Touching or hugging were seen as unnecessary
The death rate reduced, however, babies were dying 7 times faster than toddlers.
Until then, they were sleeping in a same room but after this, they started sleeping in a different room; only limited touching

22. Love research before Harry
Watson
Love and affections between parents and child do not naturally exist
emotions have to be controlled
Babies have to be push towards independence
Spitz
Babies stayed in orphanage, others went to childcare in a female jail.
Babies who had interaction with girls in the jail was healthier
Bowlby
Attachment theory

23. Harry’s Research: Mother Love
Harry started separating baby monkeys from others.
Based on the idea of isolated children’s hospital at that time
Baby monkeys started being weird and Harry wondered why
Bill Mason
Graduate student from Stanford
Idea of comparing monkeys with cloth and without cloth
Harry connected Mason’s idea with his thoughts about mother love
This time, Harry has not discovered what kind of influence separated monkeys can have. Research showed primates like blankets
Human Babies like blankets too

24. Wire Mother vs Cloth Mother
Two types of mothers
Wire and Cloth
Method
4 monkeys with wire mothers with milk and cloth mothers without milk
4 monkeys with wire mothers without milk and cloth mothers with milk

25. Results
Up to 6 months, both group spend most of their times with the cloth mother
An average of 18 hours a day on cloth mother
Less than 1-2 hours on the wire mother
“Contact comfort”
provided by the softness of the cloth covering
Mother love
Extension of research
Scared by a toy
Open field

26. Spreading “the Nature of Love”
Harry became a president of American Psychological Association(APA) in 1958
His research - “The Nature of Love”
He became very busy after he published his work
Harry’s data was more scientific so it was accepted
Allowed other studies about attachment to be affirmed.

27. After damage Monkeys who were in this experiment started acting weird
Screaming, biting themselves, pulling out their hair
Curling up in a corner
Researchers did not know why this happened
No give and take of love

28. Social intelligence
Social Intelligence… the ability to get along with others
Monkeys grew up with only their mothers or with another monkey in the same cage
Not socially and mentally healthy
Baby monkeys were lacking “social intelligence”
Timing of different stages of social development is important
Interacting with others is vital.
Babies first have to feel comfort and security
Noticing the time when you hold your baby tight and make them be independent.

29. Nuclear Family Started and ran by Peggy Harlow
Father, mother, and siblings
Play with other monkeys – Play is important
Need more than one relationship
Love is not made from only one relationship, but from many relationships
The most healthy mokneys

30. Monster mothers To see if mothers cause mental illness
With a spike (not sharp edge)
Blew a strong air
Pushed the monkey away
Shook the monkey off
Baby Monkeys came back
Hold mothers even more stronger
Interpreted those monkeys with human abused children

31. Harry’s success and depression
Became the president of National Institutes of Health (NIH) primate research center in Madison in 1967
Only one in the Midwest
The first primatologist to win the National Medal of Science.
Harry was not very happy
Harry became depressed
Peggy was diagnosed with breast cancer in the same year
Felt like he reached the top and cannot do any more than this.

32. Dark research Isolation experiment on new born baby monkeys 30 days
Some of them refused to eat after they got out from the cage and died.
6 months
A year
Bullied by other monkeys
No sexual feeling
“Rape Rack”
Have no love for their children

33. Dark Research Pit of despair V shaped chamber
After 3 days, monkeys stopped trying to get out
Monkeys became very depressed
Even those who were previously healthy

34. Baby therapists Baby monkeys were used as therapists Peer therapy
Integrated with depressed monkeys
Interacted with them
Depressed monkeys slowly recovered
Peer therapy
Can be a remedy for isolated children

35. Peggy’s death Peggy could not finish her nuclear family experiment
Died on August 11, 1971
Admitted as a psychology professor right before her death

36. Later Life Remarried to Clara in 1972
He was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease
Clara and Harry moved to Arizona
Harry missed Wisconsin
40 years in Madison
At the end of 1970’s he got worse
Drinking, smoking, not much sleeping, Peggy’s death, Parkinson…
Died on December 6th, 1981

37. Criticisms Feminist Animal rights
Place in society as a mother
Animal rights
Cruel experiments
“rape rack”, “pit of despair”
Targeted Harry’s fellows
Needed coldly objective data to advance psychology

38. Harry’s Influence
Changed psychology in a better way
Showing affection and compassion for babies is normal now
His experiments are used for studying treatment for abused children
Love is survival
“ You have to learn how to love before you learn how to live.”

39. Discussion Questions
Do you think his results justify his methods for his experiments? Why?
Can you think of a different way to do it?
Do you think his study will be allowed today?
UW-Madison – tried replication. How might this have affected Harry’s original study?
Harry changed the way the society looks at affection on children. Are there are any ways that the power of science has changed society’s perception?