1. Discrimination
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NCSCOS Goal 7

2. Voting Discrimination
-literacy tests
Limit the vote to those who could read (black and white)
Would ask blacks harder questions than whites
-poll taxes
An annual tax to be paid before qualifying to vote
Too poor to pay tax
-grandfather clause
To reinstate white voters
Could vote if your grandfather could in 1867 (no blacks)
To limit the freedman’s rights, especially in the South, Democratic leaders began passing literacy tests and poll taxes as a stepping stone to the polls. This also limited poor whites from voting. To protect them, they issued the grandfather clause, which stated that if your father or grandfather could vote on January 1, 1867, then you could vote. At that point, black people did not have the right to vote.

3. Segregation
--Jim Crow laws
Laws passed to segregate whites and blacks in public
-segregation
Legal separation of the races
-Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896
separate but equal doctrine
Institutionalized and legalized segregation

4. - Plessy v. Ferguson Majority Opinion -
“We consider the underlying fallacy of the plaintiff's argument to consist in the assumption that the enforced separation of the two races stamps the colored race with a badge of inferiority. If this be so, it is not by reason of anything found in the act, but solely because the colored race chooses to put that construction upon it… Legislation is powerless to eradicate racial instincts or to abolish distinctions based upon physical differences, and the attempt to do so can only result in accentuating the difficulties of the present situation. If the civil and political rights of both races be equal one cannot be inferior to the other civilly or politically.”
- Plessy v. Ferguson Majority Opinion -
“The present decision...will not only stimulate aggressions, more or less brutal and irritating, upon the admitted rights of colored citizens, but will encourage the belief that it is possible, by means of state enactments, to defeat the beneficent purposes which the people of the United States had in view when they adopted the recent amendments of the Constitution.”
-Plessy v. Ferguson Dissenting Opinion -

5. Informal rules and customs between blacks and whites
Race Relations
-racial etiquette
Informal rules and customs between blacks and whites
-lynching
Mob killing without fair trial
Ida B. Wells
Fought nationwide struggle to end lynching and racial inequality
-discrimination in the Northern cities also
Between 1885 and 1900, more than 2500 African American men and women were shot, burned, or hanged without a trial in the South.

6. ____________________________
Three of Ida B. Wells’s friends were lynched on March 9, The men had opened a store that successfully competed with a nearby white-owned store. The competition escalated into violence and the three black owners were arrested. Later, a white mob formed, grabbed the three men from the jail and killed them. Wells recognized lynching for what it was and began to denounce it in her local Memphis paper. The local white press began to call for her to be lynched. She moved to the north, where she continued her fight against lynching.
____________________________
“This is what opened my eyes to what lynching really was. An excuse to get rid of Negroes who were acquiring wealth and property and thus keep the race terrorized.”
- Ida B. Wells -

7. ~Booker T. Washington, Atlanta
-Founded Tuskegee Institute
Taught useful skills in agricultural, domestic, and mechanical work
-gradual improvement was goal
Let white people see value and achievement in blacks
-economic equality first
“To those of the white race…I would repeat what I say to my own race…Cast down your bucket among these people who have, without strikes and labor wars, tilled your fields, cleared your forests, built your railroads and cities, and brought forth treasures from the bowels of the earth…In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress.”
~Booker T. Washington, Atlanta

8. Acquire useful skills and prove value to whites
Booker T. Washington
vocational training
Acquire useful skills and prove value to whites
-Atlanta Compromise
-Washington proposed that races could cooperate on certain economic issues while being separate in social issues

9. First black man to receive a PhD from Harvard
W.E.B. DuBois
-Harvard educated
First black man to receive a PhD from Harvard
-demanded full equal rights now
-Niagara Falls Convention
Encouraged blacks to seek a liberal arts education to have well-educated black leaders
-helped found the NAACP
Du Bois proposed that a group of educated blacks, the most “talented tenth” of the community, attempt to achieve immediate inclusion into mainstream American life. “We are Americans, not only by birth and by citizenship,” Du Bois argued, “but by our political ideals…And the greatest of those ideals is that ALL MEN ARE CREATED EQUAL.”

10. -Mexican seasonal workers Railroads, mining, agriculture
Other Discrimination
-Mexican seasonal workers
Railroads, mining, agriculture
Some forced into debt and sold into slavery to repay employers
-continued resentment of the Chinese
Fear of job competition pushed the Chinese into segregated schools and neighborhoods
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
Groups like the KKK would ensure racial segregation was upheld, not just in the South, but throughout the entire United States.

11. Booker T. Washington
Former Slave
Founded Tuskegee Institute
Gradual Improvement
Equality through Vocational Work
“No race can prosper till it learns that there
is as much dignity in tilling a field as in
writing a poem.”
WEB DuBois
Middle class family in Mass.
Graduated from Harvard
Equality Now
Equality through most talented
citizens
“The honor, I assure you, was
Harvard’s.”