1. Rapid and uncontrollable development and production of cells.
Cancer
Rapid and uncontrollable development and production of cells.

2. Cell Cycle

3. Proto-oncogene Regulates normal cell growth/division
Only a small number of the approximately 35,000 genes in the human genome have been associated with cancer. (See the Genomics unit.) Alterations in the same gene often are associated with different forms of cancer. These malfunctioning genes can be broadly classified into three groups. The first group, called proto-oncogenes, produces protein products that normally enhance cell division or inhibit normal cell death. The mutated forms of these genes are called oncogenes. The second group, called tumor suppressors, makes proteins that normally prevent cell division or cause cell death. The third group contains DNA repair genes, which help prevent mutations that lead to cancer. Proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes work much like the accelerator and brakes of a car, respectively. The normal speed of a car can be maintained by controlled use of both the accelerator and the brake. Similarly, controlled cell growth is maintained by regulation of proto-oncogenes, which accelerate growth, and tumor suppressor genes, which slow cell growth. Mutations that produce oncogenes accelerate growth while those that affect tumor suppressors prevent the normal inhibition of growth. In either case, uncontrolled cell growth occurs.

4. Tumour suppressor gene
These genes normally function to PREVENT cell growth/division

5. Oncogene Cells divide uncontrollably
Only a small number of the approximately 35,000 genes in the human genome have been associated with cancer. (See the Genomics unit.) Alterations in the same gene often are associated with different forms of cancer. These malfunctioning genes can be broadly classified into three groups. The first group, called proto-oncogenes, produces protein products that normally enhance cell division or inhibit normal cell death. The mutated forms of these genes are called oncogenes. The second group, called tumor suppressors, makes proteins that normally prevent cell division or cause cell death. The third group contains DNA repair genes, which help prevent mutations that lead to cancer. Proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes work much like the accelerator and brakes of a car, respectively. The normal speed of a car can be maintained by controlled use of both the accelerator and the brake. Similarly, controlled cell growth is maintained by regulation of proto-oncogenes, which accelerate growth, and tumor suppressor genes, which slow cell growth. Mutations that produce oncogenes accelerate growth while those that affect tumor suppressors prevent the normal inhibition of growth. In either case, uncontrolled cell growth occurs.

6. Development of Cancer Cells
Inheritance may increase risk
Proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes mutate or become damaged by carcinogens
Known carcinogens:
Viruses and bacteria
Environmental chemicals
Tobacco
Radiation
Dietary factors

7. Genetic Risk

8. BRCA gene test

9. Chemical Alcohol Asbestos Wood dust Rubber, plastics, dyes
Tar / bitumen
Aflatoxin
Alkylating agents
Tobacco
Aflatoxins are a family of toxins produced by certain fungi that are found on agricultural crops such as maize (corn), peanuts, cottonseed, and tree nuts. The main fungi that produce aflatoxins are Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, which are abundant in warm and humid regions of the world.

10. Smoking Single biggest cause of cancer
25-40% smokers die in middle age
9 in 10 lung cancers
Known to cause cancer in 1950
Smoking is the single biggest cause of cancer in the world
Experts agree that smoking is the single biggest cause of cancer in the world Smoking causes over a quarter of cancer deaths in developed countries.4
Around half of current smokers will be killed by their habit if they continue to smoke. And 25-40% of smokers will die in middle age 5 6
Smoking causes even more deaths from other respiratory diseases and heart conditions than from cancer.2 If current trends continue, scientists estimate that tobacco will kill about one billion people in the twenty-first century.2
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Smoking greatly increases the risk of lung cancer
Studies from Europe, Japan and North America have shown that 9 in 10 lung cancers are caused by smoking.2 7 In 2002, lung cancer killed around 33,600 people – about one person every 15 minutes.8
Tobacco smoke was first shown to cause lung cancer in This study found that people who smoked cigarettes a day had 26 times the lung cancer risk of non-smokers. And people who smoked less than 15 cigarettes a day still had 8 times the lung cancer risk of non-smokers.
After these first results came out, UK scientists began a large study of smoking in British doctors, which Cancer Research UK has helped to fund.10 This British Doctors’ Study has provided much of our current knowledge about the dangers of smoking.

11. Smoking and alcohol

12. Industrial pollution

13. Physical causes Ultraviolet radiation Radiation Sunlight
Certain industrial sources
Radiation
Radon
Cancer treatment

14. Obesity Lifestyle: Consequences:
- Highly caloric diet, rich in fat, refined carbohydrates and animal protein
- Low physical activity
Consequences:
- Cancer
- Diabetes
- Cardiovascular disease
- Hypertension

15. Lifestyle
Age
Occupation
Ethnicity
Deprivation

16. Conversion Conversion begins with a mutation (a change in DNA) by:
Chemical
Physical
Biological
Conversion

17. Production of Cancer Cells
Development and Progression

18. Development & Progression of Cancer
Begins when a chemical substance stimulates growth of a mutated cell
Those chemical substances influence a 2nd stage of carcinogens called promoters.
Promoters stimulate cell to divide uncontrollably
Metastasis- cancer traveling to other sites; like a forest fire

19. Development of a Benign Tumor

20. Development of a Malignant Tumor

21. Overview of
Cancer Development

22. Ultraviolet Radiation
& Skin Cancer
Ozone layer

23. Ozone Screens out 99% of harmful UV light Ozone produced by lightening
1% in ozone will result in a 2% in skin cancer
Holes in ozone:
Dupont- CFCs: hairspray, refrigerators, air conditioning
Which country has the highest rate of skin cancer?

24. CFC’s and Ozone Depletion

25. Antarctica
Sept 2011

26. Both UVA and UVB are responsible for photoaging and sunburn.
Tanning beds produce both UVA and UVB rays

27. Strong melanoma candidate

28. Melanoma facts
From 1996 to 2000, the national average rate for melanoma was 17.5 for every 100,000 people, while the state of Hawaii average was 15.1 cases per 100,000.

29. Factors that may also influence the chance of getting melanoma include
Fair skin or freckles.
Being male.
Family or personal history of melanoma.
Chronic UV light exposure.
Severe sunburns.
Unusual moles or a large number of moles.
Weak immune system.

30. Skin Cancer
ABCDE’s of Skin Cancer

31. Visual & tactile observation
Testing
Genetic testing
Biopsy
Blood test
X-rays, PET, MRI
Visual & tactile observation

32. Treatments
Surgery
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Homeopathy

33. Prevention Know family history Get regular medical screenings
Learn self-exam techniques
Avoid direct sunlight
Watch your diet and weight
Don’t smoke
Drink alcohol in moderation (alcohol decrease heart disease, but increases risk of certain cancers)
Become educated

34. Lung Cancer

35. Cervical Cancer Chromosomes: 82 four copies of chromosome 12
three copies of chromosomes 6, 8, and 17
Cells provided:
Polio vaccine
research into cancer
AIDS
effects of radiation
Effects of toxic substances
gene mapping

36. Human Papilloma Virus

37. Human Papilloma Virus
Cervical epithelium

38. Cervical Cancer Vaccine Controversy
Now the nation's pediatricians have waded deep and early into the race for the presidency. In an unusual instance of political fact-checking of a candidate's statements by physicians themselves, the American Academy of Pediatrics has a tough prescription for Republican Rep. Michele Bachmann: Get your facts straight on the HPV vaccine.
In case you missed it, she sparred with Texas Gov. Rick Perry Monday night over his executive order that would have mandated vaccination of state schoolgirls against human papillomavirus, a cause of cervical cancer.
"To have innocent little 12-year-old girls be forced to have a government injection through an executive order is just flat-out wrong," Bachmann said. "Little girls who have a potentially dangerous reaction to this drug don't get a mulligan," she said. "You don't get a do-over."
Perry defended the decision, but conceded that the legal mechanism to reach the goal should have been different.
But on the Today show Tuesday morning, Bachmann went further, telling Matt Lauer that a mother had approached her after the debate to recount the problems her daughter had after being vaccinated against HPV:
She told me that her little daughter took that vaccine, that injection. And she suffered from mental retardation thereafter. The mother was crying when she came up to me last night. I didn't know who she was before the debate. This is the very real concern and people have to draw their own conclusions.
When Lauer pressed Bachmann on whether she would keep pushing on the issue, she answered that it has traction "with a lot of people and we'll see what people say."
Not with kids' doctors it doesn't. In an apparent first for the national pediatricians' group during a political campaign, the AAP called Bachmann out, though it stopped short of doing so by name.
In a statement released late Tuesday, Dr. O. Marion Burton, the president of the group, said:
The American Academy of Pediatrics would like to correct false statements made in the Republican presidential campaign that HPV vaccine is dangerous and can cause mental retardation. There is absolutely no scientific validity to this statement. Since the vaccine has been introduced, more than 35 million doses have been administered, and it has an excellent safety record.
The American Academy of Pediatrics, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the American Academy of Family Physicians all recommend that girls receive HPV vaccine around age 11 or 12. That's because this is the age at which the vaccine produces the best immune response in the body, and because it's important to protect girls well before the onset of sexual activity. In the U.S., about 6 million people, including teens, become infected with HPV each year, and 4,000 women die from cervical cancer. This is a life-saving vaccine that can protect girls from cervical cancer.
Michelle Bachmann
Bashes HPV vaccine
Gardasil Vaccine
Claimed the vaccine caused mental retardation

39. What is a proto-oncogene? Name 3 carcinogens.
INQUIRY
What do CFC’s do?
What is a proto-oncogene?
Name 3 carcinogens.
What are the ABCD’s of skin cancer?
What is the function of ozone?
Who is Henrietta Lacks?