1. 13
Obstetrics and Gynecology

2. Media Directory Slide 17 Female Reproductive System Anatomy
Slide 68 Breast Cancer Video
Slide 70 C-section Delivery Video
Slide 76 Fetal Monitoring Video
Slide 83 Prematurity Video
Slide 87 Premenstrual Syndrome Video

3. Learning Objectives
UNDERSTAND the function of the female reproductive system.
DESCRIBE the medical specialties of obstetrics and gynecology.
DEFINE obstetrics- and gynecology-related combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes.

4. Learning Objectives
IDENTIFY the organs treated in obstetrics and gynecology.
BUILD obstetrics and gynecology medical terms from word parts.
EXPLAIN obstetrics and gynecology medical terms.
USE obstetrics and gynecology abbreviations.

5. Obstetrics and Gynecology
Female reproductive system is vital to continuation of human race
Ovaries produce egg cells called ova
Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tubes
Embryo develops in the uterus
During birth, baby passes through vagina
Breasts secrete milk to nourish newborn

6. Obstetrics and Gynecology
Ovaries also secrete female sex hormones
Estrogen
Progesterone
Work together to regulate reproductive cycle

7. Gynecology Branch of medicine that:
Diagnoses and treats conditions of female reproductive organs
Provides general medical care for women

8. Obstetrics
Branch of medicine that specializes in
Pregnancy
Childbirth

9. Obstetrics and Gynecology Combining Forms
amni/o amnion
cervic/o neck, cervix
chori/o chorion
colp/o vagina
embry/o embryo
episi/o vulva
fet/o fetus
gynec/o woman, female
hyster/o uterus
lapar/o abdomen
mamm/o breast
mast/o breast

10. Obstetrics and Gynecology Combining Forms
men/o menses, menstruation
metr/o uterus
nat/o birth
o/o egg
oophor/o ovary
ovari/o ovary
salping/o fallopian tubes, uterine tubes
uter/o uterus
vagin/o vagina

11. Additional Combining Forms
carcin/o cancer
cyst/o bladder
fibr/o fibrous
hem/o blood
olig/o scanty
pelv/o pelvis
rect/o rectum

12. Suffix Review -al pertaining to -algia pain -an pertaining to
-ary pertaining to
-cele protrusion
-centesis puncture to withdraw fluid
-cyesis pregnancy
-cyte cell
-ectomy surgical removal
-genesis generates
-genic producing
-gram record
-graphy process of recording
-gravida pregnancy

13. Suffix Review -ic pertaining to -ine pertaining to -itis inflammation
-logist one who studies
-logy study of
-lytic destruction
-metry process of measuring
-nic pertaining to
-oid resembling
-oma tumor
-osis abnormal condition
-otomy cutting into
-para to bear (offspring)

14. Suffix Review -partum childbirth -pexy surgical fixation
-plasty surgical repair
-rrhagia bursting forth
-rrhaphy suture
-rrhea flow
-rrhexis rupture
-scope instrument for viewing
-scopy process of viewing
-tic pertaining to

15. Prefix Review a- without ante- before dys- painful endo- inner
intra- inside
nulli- none
multi- many
neo- new
post- after
pre- before
primi- first
trans- across

16. Female Reproductive System
Figure Female reproductive system, anterior view.

17. Female Reproductive System Anatomy
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18. Figure 13.2 Full-term pregnancy, fetal structures, lateral view.

19. Building Obstetrics and Gynecology Terms
For each obstetrics and gynecology term introduced on the next few slides, write the completed term in your textbook (pg 269).

20. Amni/o Combining form meaning amnion Inner sac surrounding fetus
Contains amniotic fluid in which fetus floats

21. Amni/o Build a medical term meaning:
flow of amniotic (fluid) amniorrhea
rupture of the amnion amniorrhexis
amni/o
+ -rrhexis

22. Cervic/o Combining form meaning cervix Narrow, lower portion of uterus
Opens into vagina
Also called neck of the uterus

23. Cervic/o Build a medical term meaning:
pertaining to the cervix cervical
inflammation within the cervix endocervicitis

24. Chori/o Combining form meaning chorion
Outer sac surrounding and protecting fetus
Forms part of placenta

25. Chori/o Build a medical term meaning:
cancerous tumor of the chorion choriocarcinoma
chori/o
+ carcin
+ -oma

26. Colp/o Combining form meaning vagina
Muscular tube extending from cervix to outside of body
Receives penis and semen during intercourse
Also called the birth canal

27. Vagina
Figure Vagina.

28. Colp/o Build a medical term meaning:
instrument to visually examine the vagina colposcope
surgical removal of the vagina colpectomy
colp
+ -ectomy

29. Embry/o Combining form meaning embryo Early stage of human development
From time of fertilization
Until approximately end of second month of pregnancy

30. Embry/o Build a medical term meaning: producing an embryo embryogenic
study of the embryo embryology
embry/o
+ -logy

31. Episi/o Combining form meaning vulva
General term for all female external genitalia including:
Labia majora
Labia minora
Clitoris

32. Episi/o Build a medical term meaning:
surgical repair of the vulva episioplasty

33. Fet/o Combining form meaning fetus Later stage of human development
From approximately beginning of third month to birth

34. Figure 13.4 Photograph of fetus in the uterus.

35. Fet/o Build a medical term meaning: pertaining to the fetus fetal
instrument for visually examining the fetus fetoscope
fet/o
+ -scope

36. -gravida Suffix meaning pregnancy
Gestation is length of time of a pregnancy
Normal gestation for humans is 40 weeks

37. -gravida Build a medical term meaning: no pregnancies nulligravida
first pregnancy primigravida
many pregnancies multigravida
multi-
+ -gravida

38. Gynec/o Combining form meaning female Build a medical term meaning:
one who studies the female gynecologist

39. Hyster/o Combining form meaning uterus
Hollow, pear-shaped organ in lower pelvic cavity
Between urinary bladder and rectum
Fundus is upper portion between where fallopian tubes enter
Body of uterus is largest central region

40. Hyster/o Hollow, pear-shaped organ in lower pelvic cavity
Cervix is narrow lowest region that opens into vagina
Endometrium is inner lining which thickens during the month and is sloughed off during menstrual period
Myometrium is thick muscular wall which contracts to push fetus through birth canal

41. Uterus
Figure Uterus.

42. Hyster/o Build a medical term meaning:
surgical fixation of the uterus hysteropexy
ruptured uterus hysterorrhexis
process of recording the uterus hysterography
hyster/o
+ -graphy

43. Lapar/o Combining form meaning abdomen Build a medical term meaning:
cutting into the abdomen laparotomy

44. Mamm/o Combining form meaning breast
Collection of glands to produce milk to nourish infant
Build a medical term meaning:
pertaining to the breast mammary
surgical repair of the breast mammoplasty

45. Breast
Figure Breast.

46. Mast/o Another combining form meaning breast
Build a medical term meaning:
breast pain mastalgia
mast
+ -algia

47. Men/o Combining form meaning menstruation
Period of time during the monthly period when endometrial lining of uterus is shed
Appears as bloody flow through cervix and vagina

48. Men/o Build a medical term meaning: without menstrual flow amenorrhea
scanty menstrual flow oligomenorrhea
olig/o
+ men/o
+ -rrhea

49. Metr/o Another combining form meaning uterus
Build a medical term meaning:
inner uterus inflammation endometritis
flow from uterus metrorrhea

50. Nat/o Combining form meaning birth Build a medical term meaning:
pertaining to a newborn neonatal
who studies the newborn neonatologist
neo-
+ nat/o
+ -logist

51. O/o Combining form meaning egg Refers to ovum
Cell that carries mother's half of chromosomes
Combines with sperm to form new human

52. O/o Build a medical term meaning: egg cell oocyte
produces an egg oogenesis
o/o
+ -genesis

53. Oophor/o Combining form meaning ovary
Almond-shaped pair of organs located on each side of uterus
Connected to uterus by fallopian (or uterine) tube
Produce ova
Release of ovum from ovary is called ovulation

54. Ovary
Figure Ovary.

55. Oophor/o Secrete female hormones, estrogen and progesterone
Build a medical term meaning:
surgical fixation of the ovary oophoropexy
oophor/o
+ -pexy

56. Ovari/o Another combining form meaning ovary
Build a medical term meaning:
pertaining to the ovary ovarian
ovary and fallopian tube inflammation ovariosalpingitis

57. -para Suffix meaning to bear (offspring)
Refers to the number of times a pregnancy has successfully ended with birth of infant
Build a medical term meaning:
no births nullipara
many births multipara

58. -partum Suffix meaning childbirth Build a medical term meaning:
before childbirth antepartum
after childbirth postpartum
post-
+ -partum

59. Salping/o Combining form meaning fallopian tube
Narrow tube that runs from area around each ovary to upper uterus
Ovum travels from ovary to uterus through fallopian tube
Normal location for fertilization
Also called uterine tube

60. Fallopian Tube
Figure Fallopian Tube.

61. Salping/o Build a medical term meaning:
record of the fallopian tube salpingogram
pregnancy in the fallopian tube salpingocyesis
salping/o
+ -cyesis

62. Uter/o Another combining form meaning uterus
Build a medical term meaning:
pertaining to the uterus uterine
pertaining to inside the uterus intrauterine
intra-
+ uter
+ -ine

63. Vagin/o Another combining form meaning vagina
Build a medical term meaning:
pertaining to across the vagina transvaginal

64. Obstetrical and Gynecological Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
abortion (AB)
Discharge of embryo from uterus before about 20th week of gestation; spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) is unplanned and due to death of embryo; elective abortion is legal termination of pregnancy; therapeutic abortion is necessary for health of mother
abruptio placentae
Emergency condition; placenta tears away from uterine wall prior to delivery; requires immediate delivery of baby
atresia
Lack of normal body opening; hysteratresia is closing of cervix, usually from scarring

65. Abruptio Placentae
Figure Illustration showing the premature separation of the placenta in abruptio placentae.

66. Obstetrical and Gynecological Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
breast cancer
Malignant tumor of breast; usually forms in milk glands or lining of milk ducts
cervical cancer
Malignant tumor of cervix; some cases caused by human papilloma virus (HPV), sexually transmitted virus for which there is now vaccine; regular Pap smear used for early detection
cesarean section (CS, C-section)
Surgical delivery of baby through incision into abdominal and uterine walls; named for Roman emperor, Julius Caesar, who is said to have been the first person born by this method

67. Breast Cancer
Figure Breast with a malignant tumor growing in the milk gland and duct .

68. Click a second time to pause the video.
Breast Cancer Video
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69. Cesarean Section
Figure The head of a fetus emerges from the uterus during a cesarean section.

70. C-section Delivery Video
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71. Obstetrical and Gynecological Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
Removal of small piece of chorion for genetic analysis; may be done at earlier stage of pregnancy than amniocentesis
conization
Surgical removal of a core of cervical tissue for biopsy
cystocele
Hernia or outpouching of bladder protrudes into vagina; may cause urinary frequency and urgency and block vagina

72. Obstetrical and Gynecological Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
dilation and curettage (D&C)
Surgical procedure consisting of widening cervix and scraping or suctioning out endometrial lining of uterus; often performed after spontaneous abortion or to stop excessive bleeding from other causes
ectopic pregnancy
Pregnancy outside of uterus, usually in fallopian tubes; growing fetus will rupture fallopian tube requiring a salpingectomy
endometriosis
Occurs when endometrial tissue appears throughout pelvic or abdominal cavity; causes recurring pain and scarring

73. Figure 13.12 Illustration of common sites for ectopic pregnancy.

74. Obstetrical and Gynecological Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
endometrial cancer
Cancerous tumor forms in lining of uterus
fetal monitoring
Use of electronic equipment placed on mother's abdomen or fetus' scalp to check fetal heart rate (FHR) and fetal heart tone (FHT) during labor; normal FHR ranges from 120 to 160 beats per minute; drop in fetal heart rate indicates fetal distress
fibrocystic breast disease
Benign cysts in breast tissue; not precancerous

75. Endometrial Cancer
Figure Illustration showing the stages of endometrial cancer. (A) Stage I-localized tumor forms in endometrial tissue. (B) Stage II-tumor grows larger within the uterus. (C) Stage III-tumor spreads to nearby organs. (D) Stage IV-cancerous tumors appear throughout the body

76. Fetal Monitoring Video
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77. Fibrocystic Breast Disease
Figure Illustration showing the location of a fibrocystic lump in the adipose tissue of the breast.

78. Obstetrical and Gynecological Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
fibroid tumor
Benign tumor of fiber-like tissue; the most common type of tumor in women; grows in the uterus
fistula
Abnormal passageway between two structures; vesicovaginal fistula is between urinary bladder and vagina; rectovaginal fistula is between rectum and vagina

79. Figure 13.15 Common sites for the development of fibroid tumors.

80. Obstetrical and Gynecological Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
Condition developing in fetus when mother's blood type is Rh-negative and baby's blood is Rh-positive; antibodies in mother's blood enter fetus' bloodstream through placenta and destroy fetus' red blood cells; causes anemia, jaundice, and enlargement of spleen; treated with intrauterine blood transfusion; also called erythroblastosis fetalis

81. Obstetrical and Gynecological Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
Infertility treatment; ova removed from woman are fertilized by sperm externally; embryos returned to uterus for development; commonly called test tube baby
infertility
Inability to produce children; generally defined as no pregnancy after properly timed intercourse for one year
Papanicolaou (Pap) smear
Test for cervical cancer; cells are removed from cervix by simple scraping and examined under microscope

82. Obstetrical and Gynecological Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Chronic or acute infection, usually bacterial, that ascends through female reproductive tract and out into pelvic cavity; may result in scarring that interferes with fertility
placenta previa
Placenta forms in lower portion of uterus and blocks birth canal; may require C-section for delivery
premature birth
Birth of fetus before 37 weeks of gestation

83. Click a second time to pause the video.
Prematurity Video
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84. Premature Birth
Figure A premature infant. Source: Courtesy of Lisa Smith-Pedersen, RN, MSN, NNP-BC./Pearson Education

85. Placenta Previa
Figure Illustration of placenta previa showing the placenta growing over the opening of the cervix.

86. Obstetrical and Gynecological Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
Symptoms that develop just prior to onset of menstrual period; may include irritability, headache, tender breasts, and anxiety
prolapsed uterus
Fallen uterus that can cause cervix to protrude through vaginal opening
rectocele
Protrusion or herniation of rectum into vagina

87. Premenstrual Syndrome Video
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88. Prolapsed Uterus
Figure Illustration of (A) mild and (B) severely prolapsed uterus.

89. Obstetrical and Gynecological Vocabulary
Term
Explanation
stillbirth (SB)
Birth in which viable-aged fetus dies shortly before or at time of delivery
tubal ligation
Surgical tying-off of fallopian tubes to prevent pregnancy

90. Tubal Ligation
Figure Illustration show laparoscope being used to perform a tubal ligation.

91. Obstetrics and Gynecology Abbreviations
abortion
EMB
endometrial biopsy
BSE
breast self-examination
ERT
estrogen replacement therapy
CS, C-section
cesarean section
FHR
fetal heart rate
CVS
chorionic villus sampling
FHT
fetal heart tone Cx
cervix
FTND
full-term normal delivery
D&C
dilation and curettage

92. Obstetrics and Gynecology Abbreviations
GI, grav I
first pregnancy
HSG
hystero-salpingography
GYN, gyn
gynecology
IUD
intrauterine device
HDN
hemolytic disease of the newborn
IVF
in vitro fertilization
HPV
human papilloma virus
LMP
last menstrual period
HRT
hormone replacement therapy NB
newborn OB
obstetrics

93. Obstetrics and Gynecology Abbreviations
OCPs
oral contraceptives
PMS
premenstrual syndrome
PAP
Papanicolaou test SB
stillbirth
PI, para I
first delivery
TAH-BSO
total abdominal hysterectomy – bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
PID
pelvic inflammatory disease

94. Combining Forms Match Up
colp/o
episi/o
hyster/o
lapar/o
mast/o
uterus
vulva
vagina
abdomen
breast