1. The Cell Membrane

2. Studying Membranes – The Electron Microscope
Understanding the structure and the function of the phospholipid bilayer cell membrane depended on the invention of the electron microscope.
Beams of electrons have a very short wavelength and can resolve cell parts to 0.2 m in size.
U of T graduate students James Hillier and Albert Prebus built the first electron microscope in 1938.

3. EM Photo of a Membrane

4. Cell Membrane and Homeostasis
The phospholipid bilayer is responsible for maintaining homeostasis.
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a steady state inside the cell regardless of external changes, to ensure survival.
Liver cells - hepatocytes

5. Cell Membrane Functions
In order to maintain homeostasis the cell must regulate the movement of molecules:
The transport of raw materials into the cell.
The removal of wastes from the cell.
Transfer materials produced in the cell to outside the cell.
Prevent entry of unwanted molecules.
Prevent the escape of needed molecules.
All cell organelles are also surrounded by the same phospholipid bilayer membrane.

6. Cell Membrane Structure
There are two phospholipid layers with the hydrophobic ends facing each other on the inside of the bilayer farthest away from the fluids.
Outside the cell is the extracellular (EC) fluid.
Inside the cell is the intracellular (IC) fluid.
The fatty acid bilayer is selectively permeable.

7. Phospholipids in bilayer
Intracellular Fluid
Hydrophilic
head
Hydrophobic
tail
Extracellular Fluid

8. The Membrane is Flexible and Fluid
More Fluid
More Viscous
Unsaturated hydrocarbon
tails with kinks
Saturated hydrocarbon tails
When the membrane is colder it is less fluid and a warmer membrane is more fluid. This is due to cholesterol molecules in the membrane.

9. The Membrane is Dynamic
Lateral movement
(~107 times per second)
Flip-flop
(~ once per month)
Movement of phospholipids

10. Fluid Mosaic Model
Our current understanding of cell membranes is called the Fluid Mosaic Model.
There are many molecules within the membrane and other molecules connected to the membrane.
Some small non-polar molecules, like oxygen and carbon dioxide, can pass through the hydrophobic part of the cell membrane.
Even water, which is slightly polar, can pass through the hydrophobic cell membrane at a low rate.

11. Structure of the Cell Membrane

12. Cell Membrane Proteins
Carrier proteins are transmembrane proteins that help move neutral water soluble molecules, like glucose, from outside to inside the cell.
Channel proteins are also transmembrane and allow ions to pass through the membrane.
Aquaporins are special proteins that help water pass through the cell membrane.

13. Cell Membrane Carbohydrates
The lipids and the proteins often have unique carbohydrates attached to them.
These carbohydrates are used as recognition sites for molecules attaching to the cell membrane.
Glycoproteins also serve as markers for anchors to other internal structures like the cytoskeleton.
Glycolipids also serve as recognition sites for other molecules as well as joining cells to form tissues.

15. Review Questions Complete in notebook
List 2 (of the 4) roles of membrane proteins.
What is the fluid mosaic model?

16. Review Questions List 2 (of the many) roles of membrane proteins
Transport
Enzymatic activity
Triggering signals
Attachment and recognition

17. Review Questions
2) What is the fluid mosaic model? The idea that a biological membrane consists of a fluid phospholipid bilayer, in which proteins are embedded and float freely

18. Mini-Test 1 Monday, September 16th
Cell organelles: physical descriptions, functions, plant vs. animal
Cell Membrane: function, cell membrane & homeostasis, structure, phospholipids, dynamic nature, fluid-mosaic model, cell membrane proteins, all types of passive transport methods, cell membrane diagram

19. Homework: Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology: the manipulation of matter on an atomic and molecular scale
Discuss
Challenges?
Interested? University of Toronto & Waterloo both offer programs!

20. 2 transport methods
Passive Transport
Active Transport

21. Passive Transport
Consists of osmosis, simple diffusion & facilitated diffusion
Osmosis  movement of water
Simple diffusion  ability of small and non-polar substances to move across a membrane unassisted. Ex: O2, CO2, water, glycerol

22. Passive Transport
Facilitated Diffusion: for ions, polar and charged molecules. Transport proteins AND channel proteins are used

23. Passive transport 3 types: Diffusion, Osmosis & Facilitated Diffusion
No expenditure

24. Diffusion Molecular collision Uses energy from moving particles
Oxygen & carbon dioxide
Concentration, temperature

25. Diffusion - concentration
Increase in concentration  increase in molecular collisions
Ex: perfume bottle

26. Diffusion - temperature
Increase in temperature  increase in molecular collision
Molecules move faster

27. Osmosis Diffusion of water
Concentration gradient  until eventual equilibrium
Isotonic  solutions being compared have equal conc. Solutes  water movement out = water movement in

28. OSMOSIS CONTINUED …
Hypotonic  lower conc. of solute outside  cell gains water. Ex: Turgor pressure for plants
Hypertonic solution  higher conc. of solute outside, water moves out of cell  cell shrinks. Ex: food preservation

30. Facilitated diffusion
Transmembrane proteins form ion channels
Carrier proteins & channel proteins
Speed up movement of molecules across cell membrane
Specialized

31. Video