1. The Digestive System and Nutrition13

2. Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition
Lesson 13.1
Nutrition

3. Energy measuring the body’s energy use basal metabolic rate calories
kilocalories
basal metabolic rate
energy required for one day at rest
varies by individual

4. Vitamins chemicals needed for proper metabolism types of vitamins
fat-soluble
may be stored in the body
water-soluble
are not stored in the body
vitamin deficiency

5. Minerals elements needed for proper body function examples calcium
potassium
iron
phosphorus

6. Water-Soluble Vitamins

7. Fat-Soluble Vitamins

8. Minerals

9. DIET Deficiency diseases if you don’t eat a well balanced diet
Vegetarians:  20 amino acids - 12 we can make, 8 we need to eat (essential amino acids)
Grains have 6 aa
Beans have 6 aa
Mix beans and grains for complete aa

10. Fun facts 25ft long intestines in humans
89ft long intestines in horses
Food drying up in large intestine can be there 18 hours-2 days
Final destination
Starch = blood
Fat = lymph vessels
Protein = blood

11. Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System
Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition
Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System
Lesson 13.2

12. Activities/functions of Digestion
(1) ingestion- take in food
(2) propulsion
moving food along GI tract
peristalsis
(3) mechanical breakdown
breaks food into smaller pieces
increases surface area of food

13. Activities of Digestion
(4) chemical breakdown
digestion
enzymes
(5) absorption
digested food particles absorbed & moved into blood
(6) elimination
expulsion of food not absorbed

14. Activities of Digestion

15. Layers of the Alimentary Canal

16. Digestive Organs and Their Functions

17. Oral Cavity-Mechanical & Chemical digestion
Mechanical digestion 
Chew, tear, grind, mush, mix
Chemical digestion (saliva)
Amylase digest starch
Mucus -protect lining of stomach GI tract; lubricate
Buffers -neutralize acid to prevent tooth decay

18. Oral cavity- chem digestion
Anti-bacterial chemicals - kill unwanted bacteria from food
Epiglottis- flap in back of mouth; closes trachea, prevents food from entering lungs

19. Esophagus Esophagus Secretes mucus
connects pharynx to stomach
10-12 inches long
Secretes mucus
Acid from stomach gets in here = heart burn
Acid reflux
Diaphragm prevents, along w/ esophageal sphincter

20. Stomach Storage of food Disinfects food HCl (pH = 2) Mucus-secreting
Up to 2 Liters
Disinfects food HCl (pH = 2)
Mucus-secreting
To not digest itself
Protein-digesting: pepsin enzyme
Chyme formation

21. Stomach (cont.) Rugae - folds in lining allow for expansion
Pyloric sphincter - regulates food from stomach to intestine
Ulcers: not caused by stress
Bacterial infection of stomach

22. Small Intestines About 6 meters long
Duodenum (25cm) receives stomach content
Pancreatic juice & bile/neutralize acid/pepsin
Jejunum (2.5m)
Ileum (3.6m) reabsorb bile
Digests carbs (amylase)
Digest protein (trypsin)
Digest lipids (bile and lipase)

23. Small Intestines…big absorption
Absorb nutrients (diffusion & active transport)
from capillaries to blood vessels
Microvilli (projections) increase surface area
80% ingested water, vitamins, minerals

24. Large intestines Colon: ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
Rectum & anus
Elimination
Undigested materials
Cellulose (roughage)
Keeps everything moving & clean
MASSES of bacteria
Appendix: vestigial organs

25. The Liver and Gallbladder
functions of liver
maintains nutrients in blood
nutrient conversion and storage
filters toxins
functions of gallbladder
stores bile made by liver
releases bile when fat-containing chyme is in duodenum

26. Liver and Gallbladder

27. Pancreas pancreatic juices glucose regulation
contain digestive enzymes
Trypsin, amylase, lipase & buffers
glucose regulation
beta cells–insulin
alpha cells–glucagon

28. Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System
Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition
Lesson 13.3
Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System

29. Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System
gingivitis and periodontal disease
plaque forms tarter
cardiovascular disease
gastroesophageal reflux disease
heartburn
ulcers
Helicobacter pylori

30. Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System
gastroenteritis
inflammation of stomach or intestine
inflammatory bowel syndrome
chronic inflammation
ulcerative colitis
Crohn’s disease
constipation and diarrhea
infrequent or too frequent defecation

31. Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System
hepatitis
inflammation of liver
pancreatitis
inflammation of pancreas
gallstones
bile forms crystals
Cholecystectomy
(bye, gb!)
cancer
digestive system cancers are common
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