1. Pancreatic Juice
Pancreatic juice contains enzymes that digest carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids, and include:
Pancreatic amylase – splits glycogen into disaccharides
Pancreatic lipase – breaks down triglycerides
Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and carboxypeptidase
Digest proteins
Nucleases – digest nucleic acids
Bicarbonate ions – make pancreatic juice alkaline

2. Liver Functions
The liver carries on many important metabolic activities, including:
Produces glycogen from glucose
Breaks down glycogen into glucose
Converts non-carbohydrates to glucose
Oxidizes fatty acids
Synthesizes lipoproteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol
Converts carbohydrates and proteins into fats
Deaminating amino acids
Forms urea
Synthesizes plasma proteins
Converts some amino acids to other amino acids
Stores glycogen, iron, and vitamins A, D, and B12
Phagocytosis of worn out RBCs and foreign substances
Removes toxins such as alcohol and certain drugs from the blood

3. Composition of Bile
Bile is a yellowish-green liquid that hepatic cells continuously secrete
Bile contains:
Water
Bile salts:
Emulsify fats
Help absorb fatty acids, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins
Bile pigments
Cholesterol
Electrolytes

4. Functions of Bile Salts
Bile salts aid digestive enzymes
They reduce surface tension and break fat globules into droplets (like soap or detergent) and this is called emulsification
They enhance absorption of fatty acids and cholesterol
They help absorb fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K
Bile salts are recycled as they return to the liver