1. Colonization of Africa
19th Century

3. Colonialism
Colonialism is forced control of one nation by another nation.
Beginning in the early 19th Century, Europeans aggressively tried to establish colonies in Africa.
Colony is when a nation establishes a government under its rule in a foreign territory.
Imperialism is empire building. Expansion occurs when one state is more powerful than are the obstacles to expansion. European civilization experienced a period of unprecedented rapid expansion around the globe during the last third of the nineteenth century.

4. Reasons for Colonialism
Despite Europeans involvement in the Slave Trade Europeans usually relied on Africans to trade slaves instead of colonizing the continent.
By the 1880s every major nation in the world had abolished the institution of slavery.
Europeans found a new interest in Africa.
Africa is a continent of vast wealth.

5. Positive European Reasons for Colonialism
Colonies provided Europe with strategic military and economic advantages.
Europe received minerals and other natural resources (diamonds, gold, cotton, ivory, and other natural resources) which fed the Industrial Revolution
Europeans had access to cheap labor
Open up new trading markets for European goods.
Spread Christianity throughout the continent.

6. Negative European powers had to fight against rebellions.
Colonial rule in many places, especially the Congo, was morally nauseating (sickening).

7. European Powers involved in Colonization
Belgium
King Leopold II claimed much of the African Congo.
African Congo became best known for their rubber plantations and ivory.
East Africa

8. Berlin Conference (1884)
Berlin Conference in 1884 led by Otto Von Bismarck, German Chancellor
Series of Meetings in Berlin, Germany, held by European nations, Africa’s rulers not in attendance.
Met to discuss how to divide Africa’s land.
10% of the Europeans already controlled.
By the end of Colonialism most of Africa was under its control.

9. What type of Political boundaries existed before the Berlin Conference in 1885?

10. Political Boundaries after Berlin Conference.

11. South Africa
Mid-1600s, the Dutch established a small colony at the Cape of Good Hope (southernmost tip of Africa).
to serve as a trading post for ships on their way to Asia.
The Cape grew into a large colony, Dutch government began awarding Dutch settlers territories occupied by the native Africans.
In 1795 the Dutch Monarch invited Great Britain to take over South Africa.

12. South Africa
Exacerbated tensions between British colonists and Afrikaners (white colonists of Dutch descent).
The British and Afrikaners, however, oppressed the black Africans.
Gold and Diamonds discovered in South Africa, led to violent conflicts between both groups.
From 1899 – 1902 they fought one another in the Boer War.
Both groups used black Africans.
Many blacks and Afrikaners died in British concentration camps and suffered due to Britain's scorched earth warfare.

13. Boer War
Scorched earth tactics caused devastation and starvation among much of the black population as well.
Britain's brutal tactics still remain a source of resentment between Afrikaners and English-speaking whites in South Africa.

14. Boer War

15. The British implementing the scorched earth policy - Boer war The British found themselves at a disadvantage, due to the size of the territory, lack of familiarity with the terrain and the mobility and skills of the "Boers". In an effort to bring the war to an end, the British responded with a scorched-earth policy. This included burning down the farms and homes of the "Boers", and putting their women and children in concentration camps. Some 26,000 "Boer" women and children and 14,000 black and colored people were to die in appalling conditions.

16. Impact of Colonial Period/ Partitioning of Africa Negative Impacts
African tribes lost control of their own countries.
Land was confiscated for farms for the European colonies.
Wars, revolts, and protests were common.
Starvation and disease became widespread.
Africans often forced into labor.
“NEW BORDERS” were drawn that separated families and tribes.
Conflicts broke out between tribes that were once friendly.

17. Impact of Colonialism Positive Effects
Schools and hospitals built.
Economy was improved by new governments.
Roads and railroads were built.
Health was improved (Health systems, etc…)
Berlin Conference set a specific date for the end of the slave trade.
New technology elevated the standard of living.

18. Nationalist Movements
Nationalism strong pride in one’s country; desire for self-government.
Nationalist movements are movements that seek independence for the people living in the country.
By the 20th Century, European countries had colonized almost all of Africa. Only independent countries were Liberia and Ethiopia.
African’s want to control their own countries and natural resources, thus giving birth to “Nationalist Movement”

19. Nationalist Movements
Nigeria
Is home to many different ethnic groups. After the Berlin Conference Great Britain was given control of Nigeria.
The British separated Nigeria into TWO colonies.
Many ethnic groups were opposed to being part of the same country .
These divisions between ethnic groups led to different treatment by Brits.
By the 1940s, Nigerians started many groups to fight British rule.
Many Nigerians admired the British because of their education in England.
However, most believed that the only way for Nigerians to have rights was to be free of European rule.

20. Nigeria (This slide is not on your notes, copy what is in red…)
These groups pushing for independence became political parties that worked for Nigerian independence.
By late 1940s and 50s, the British let Nigerians elect their own government.
They elected Abubkar Tafawa Balewa as their Prime Minister in 1957.
On October 1, 1960 Nigeria was granted its independence.

21. Abubakar Tafawa Balewa

22. Kenya Nationalist Movement
Many Kenyans throughout British rule believed that their land was taken unfairly.
In opposition to British rule they organized a group known as the Mau Mau ( ).
Mau Mau a secret organization that believed the only way to win Kenyan rights and independence was through the use of force.
In 1954 the British mostly defeated the Mau Mau, however violence between the two groups continued until 1960.
Thousands of people were killed during fighting, only about 100 were European.

23. Kenya
Eventually, overwhelming Kenyan support for the Mau Mau led the British to grant Kenya its independence.
In 1963 the British helped Kenyans hold democratic elections, they elected Jomo Kenyatta president.
Kenya was once again free from foreign rule.

24. Jomo Kenyatta

25. South Africa South Africa’s path to independence.
In 1948, Afrikaners defeated English-speaking whites to win control of South Africa’s government.
Afrikaners established “Apartheid” is an Afrikaans word meaning “separateness” an official policy of racial discrimination.
Apartheid stripped black Africans of the few rights they enjoyed and required segregation.
Separation was based on race.

26. Homelands
Established “homelands” for blacks; Homelands were poor, crowded areas far away from the cities.
Homelands often did not have running water and electricity.
Black South Africans could only leave their homeland if they were going to work for a white person.
Blacks forced to carry passes at all times or else could result in imprisonment.

27. African National Congress (ANC)
Founded in 1912, goal was to unite people of all races to fight for rights and freedoms.
Nelson Mandela in 1944 founded the ANC Youth League.
Purpose was to raise up a new generation to fight against racism and apartheid.
Nelson Mandela became the leader of the ANC in Mandela was an anti-apartheid activist.

28. F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela
Mandela, leader of the ANC was arrested on August 5, He was imprisoned for 27 years until he was granted his release in 1990 by F. W. de Klerk.