1. National States

2. Nationalism Modern phenomena often requiring generations of propaganda
Associated with liberalism because they both opposed Europe’s dynastic states and cosmopolitan aristocracies

3. Revolutions of 1848
About fifty revolts in the first four months of 1848
Nationalism in Italian and German states and the Austrian empire
Economic problems caused by industrialization
Poor agriculture “Hungry Forties”
Irish potato famine 1846
Revolution in Italian states failed to establish constitutionalism and end Austrian rule in Italy

4. France 1848- Louis Philippe flees to England
Liberals and Radicals (Socialists) quarrel
Liberals= political change like expanded suffrage
Radicals= political and social change…Gov’t granted workshops
New gov’t dominated by liberals
June Days…2nd French republic

5. France
2nd French Republic elected a president by universal male suffrage
Louis Napoleon
First (and only) president of 2FR
Assumed dictatorial powers by plebiscite
Became Emperor Napoleon III by plebiscite
Supported by most of French society
Supported public works such as the rebuilding of Paris
Encouraged workers’ organizations and the right to strike

6. Crimean War-1854
R. Cath and Greek Orthodox churches disputing over who should protect the holy land sites
Russia supports orthodoxy
France and Britain, scared of Russian expansion, join Ottoman empire against Rus.
Piedmont joins the allies later
Piedmont is given an international platform to discuss Italian discontent.

7. Italian Unification
Mazzini fails to unite Italy but leaves a legacy for later nationalists
Cavour and Piedmont
Cavour wanted Italian unification with Piedmont at the head
Pushed for involvement in Crimea
Allied with Napoleon III against Austria…disappointing outcome for Cavour. Map p. 865
Northern Italy unites under Piedmont

8. Italian Unification
Garibaldi with his thousand men takes Sicily, moves to the mainland, and heads for Rome.
Cavour intercepts on outskirts of Rome
Garibaldi gives authority over to Piedmont and Kingdom of Italy is Created 1861

9. Unification of Germany
Prussian dominance was economic in nature-Zollverein
Otto Von Bismarck
Prussian prime minister
“The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions-that was the mistake of 1848 and 49- but by blood and iron.”
Ignored parliament by collecting unauthorized taxes (Nationalism IS stronger than liberalism).

10. Unification of Germany
Bismarck’s wars
Prussia and Austria vs. Denmark
Prussia gets Schleswig, Austria gets Holstein
Establishes equality of Prus ans Aust
Austro-Prussian war (over Holstein) 1866
7 weeks…Prussia wins
Grants leniency to Austria
Gains North German Confederation
South German states have military alliance with Prussia
Austrian Habsburgs give Hungarians equal status

11. Unification of Germany
Franco-Prussian War 1870
Instigated by Bismarck, declared by Napoleon III
Prussia surrounds Paris, Nap is captured
Prussia gains Alsace-Lorraine, German empire is created and William I becomes Kaiser
2nd FR falls