1. The Road to the Creation of the United States of America

2. The French and Indian War
1754 to 1763 war fought over the land in America between the English and French.
It was called the Seven Years War in Europe.
Called the French and Indian War because the Indians helped the French in the war against the British. The Indians had nothing to lose. The British were taking their land, the French were not.
The British won, but at a cost a lot of money.

3. Join, or Die Political Cartoon by Benjamin Franklin A political cartoon calling for American colonies to band together for protection against Indians and the French. First published in the Pennsylvania Gazette on May 9, 1754.

4. Proclamation of 1763
Forbade colonists to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains.
Created to protect colonists from the Indians (Pontiac)
Many colonists reacted with anger toward the Proclamation. They did not like being told what to do or where they could live.
for at least a generation, the American colonists had, more or less, governed their own matters
the royal governers were not allowed to license any land surveying or grant land

5. Taxes French and Indian War cost a lot of money.
Parliament (the British government – primarily Lord Grenville, the prime minister) decided to tax to colonies to help pay for it – what?
to PAY off the debt resulting from the long and expensive war and partially cover the expenses of British garrison in the colonies (defence of the colonies)
The first tax was the Sugar Act of It decreased a tax on molasses (from 6 to 3p) and sugar imported by the colonies, but at the same time stressed the law enforcement – more customs patrol along the coast
Stamp Act of 1765 placed a tax on all printed material, such as legal documents, newspapers and playing cards.
This tax upset the colonists even more.

6. A stamp with the nominal value one penny

7. Vice Admiralty Courts (established by the Townshend Acts)
were juryless courts located in colonies that were granted jurisdiction over local legal matters related to maritime activities, such as disputes between merchants and seamen.
Judges were given 5% of confiscated cargo if they found a smuggling defendant guilty.
This gave judges financial incentive to find defendants guilty.

8. No Taxation without Representation
The colonists claimed “no taxation without representation” because they were being taxed but had no vote in Parliament and had no say in how the colonies were being governed.
The colonists started a boycott, or a refusal to buy certain goods, from the British.
riots, protests, boycott

9. American political cartoon showing a man aiming a gun at a man representing colonial America; He tells a British member of Parliament, "I give you that man's money for my use", to which the American responds by saying, "I will not be robbed". Boston is burning in the background.

10. Sam Adams and the Sons of Liberty
Samuel Adams led the protests in Boston against the taxes.
He began a secret society called the Sons of Liberty.
organized the so-called „committees of correspondence“ which connected the like-minded patriots
Q: „ If Taxes are laid upon us in any shape without our having a legal Representation where they are laid, are we not reduced from the Character of free Subjects to the miserable State of tributary Slaves?“

11. Tar and Feather
The Sons of Liberty used violence to scare off the tax collectors.
this picture depicts „tarring and feathering“ of John Malcom – Commissioner of Customs

12. The Boston Massacre http://www. history
Colonial men were shouting insults at the British soldiers.
They started throwing things, probably clubs and rocks.
Someone yelled “fire” and the Red Coats (what the British soldiers were called) shot.
Five colonists were killed. These were the first Americans killed in the War for Independence.
Sam Adams started calling the incident the Boston Massacre. He used the incident to get more people angry at the British.

14. A Tax on Tea
British parliament repealed all of the Townshend Acts except for the one on tea (a symbol of Parliament´s power over colonies). Tea was the most important beverage in the colonies.
some refused to drink tea out of principle
others drank smuggled Dutch tea
The colonists decided to boycott all British tea.
This hurt the finances of the East India Company which was already struggling through economic hardships (credit crisis)

15. The Boston Tea Party
To help the struggling EIC, Parliament passed the Tea Act of 1773 (colonies could only buy the British tea)!!!
1) right to ship the tea directly to the colonies
2) no additional tax in England
3) cheaper tea BUT it bypassed the colonial merchants
Colonists (merchants + Sons of Liberty) dressed up like Mohawk Indians boarded three British ships full of tea.
The colonists dumped all the tea into the harbor, about 90,000 pounds.
King George III was furious!

18. The Intolerable Acts
Laws passed to punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party.
The port of Boston was closed until the tea was paid for.
The Quartering Act was put into place which forced colonists to quarter, or house and supply British soldiers.

19. Political cartoon showing the reaction to the Boston Tea Party

20. First Continental Congress - Philadelphia
A representative government in the colonies (the gathering was stimulated by the Commitees of Correspondence)
In reaction to Coercive Acts
A group of important men from 12 colonies (Georgia was fighting a Native American uprising and depended on British military help) met to discuss the crisis in the colonies.
loyalty to Britain BUT disputed the Parliament´s right to tax colonies and interference in domestic affairs of the colonies
Militias were set up. (citizen soldiers)

21. The “Shot Heard Round the World”
British soldiers in Boston were sent to capture the militias weapons and arrest some colonial leaders
Paul Revere, William Dawes, and Israel Bissell warned the colonists that, “The Red Coats are coming.”
British troops marched to Concord to capture colonial leaders and the ammunition and weapons that were stored there.
The first two battles of the American Revolution were fought at Lexington and Concord, when the American militia met up with British forces.

22. The Second Continental Congress
The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia to discuss the next move of the colonists.
Created a united fighting force, the Continental Army, and appointed George Washington as commander.
Olive Branch Petition – to king George III – dismissed by the king (unlawful, illegal, rebellion)
War with Great Britain was imminent!!!

24. Common Sense
Common Sense, written by Thomas Paine was a pamphlet that encouraged colonists to declare independence from Great Britain.
Common Sense was very influential because it was read by many people (US all-time bestseller with an estimated 500,000 copies sold in the first year).
preaching natural rights, representative government, and popular sovereignty

25. The Declaration of Independence
The United States first needed to declare independence from Great Britain.
Thomas Jefferson, at the young age of 33, wrote the Declaration of Independence.
The Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4,
That is why the Americans celebrate Independence Day on July 4th.
This is the day that the United States of America declared their independence from King George and Great Britain.

27. Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin, one of the most famous men in the world, was sent to France to ask for military aid as well as a loan.
And the war was on!