1. Blood
Ch 17

2. Blood
Artery
White blood cells
Platelets
Red blood cells

3. Function Blood Deliver O2 Remove metabolic wastes
Maintain temperature, pH, and fluid volume
Protection from blood loss- platelets
Prevent infection- antibodies and WBC
Transport hormones

4. Blood
Plasma-55%
Buffy coat-<1%
Formed elements-45%

5. Blood Plasma Components-55%
90% Water
8% Solutes:
Proteins
Albumin (60 %)
Alpha and Beta Globulins
Gamma Globulins
fibrinogens
Gas
Electrolytes

6. Blood Plasma Components
Organic Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Amino Acids
Lipids
Vitamins
Hormones
Metabolic waste
CO2
Urea

7. Buffy Coat- <1%
Platelets
Leukocytes

8. Formed Elements of the Blood-45%
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Platelets (thrombocytes)

9. Erythrocytes

10. Erythrocyte7.5m in dia
·   Anucleate
·   Hematopoiesis- production of RBC
·   Function- transport respiratory gases
·   Hemoglobin- quaternary structure, 2  chains and 2  chains
·   Lack mitochondria. Why?
·  1 RBC contains 280 million hemoglobin molecules
·   Men- 5 million cells/mm3
·   Women- 4.5 million cells/mm3
·   Life span days and then destroyed in spleen (RBC graveyard)

11. Hemoglobin

12. Hematopoiesis Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis): blood cell formation
Occurs in red bone marrow of axial skeleton, girdles and proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur

13. Hematopoiesis Hemocytoblasts (hematopoietic stem cells)
Give rise to all formed elements
Hormones and growth factors push the cell toward a specific pathway of blood cell development
New blood cells enter blood sinusoids

14. Erythropoiesis Erythropoiesis: red blood cell production
A hemocytoblast is transformed into a proerythroblast
Proerythroblasts develop into early erythroblasts

15. Erythropoiesis Phases in development
Ribosome synthesis
Hemoglobin accumulation
Ejection of the nucleus and formation of reticulocytes
Reticulocytes then become mature erythrocytes

16. Developmental pathway
Stem cell
Committed
cell
Developmental pathway
Phase 1
Ribosome
synthesis
Phase 2
Hemoglobin
accumulation
Phase 3
Ejection of
nucleus
Proerythro-
blast
Early
erythroblast
Late
erythroblast
Reticulo-
cyte
Erythro-
cyte
Hemocytoblast
Normoblast
Figure 17.5

17. Regulation of Erythropoiesis
Too few RBCs leads to tissue hypoxia
Too many RBCs increases blood viscosity
Balance between RBC production and destruction depends on
Hormonal controls
Adequate supplies of iron, amino acids, and B vitamins

18. Hormonal Control of Erythropoiesis
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Direct stimulus for erythropoiesis
Released by the kidneys in response to hypoxia

19. Hormonal Control of Erythropoiesis

20. Hormonal Control of Erythropoiesis
Causes of hypoxia
Hemorrhage or increased RBC destruction reduces RBC numbers
Insufficient hemoglobin (e.g., iron deficiency)
Reduced availability of O2 (e.g., high altitudes)

21. Hormonal Control of Erythropoiesis
Effects of EPO
More rapid maturation of committed bone marrow cells
Increased circulating reticulocyte count in 1–2 days
Testosterone also enhances EPO production, resulting in higher RBC counts in males

22. Blood Cell Production

23. Formation & Destruction of RBCs

24. RBC Diseases
Anemia- when blood has low O2 carrying capacity; insufficient RBC or iron deficiency.
Factors that can cause anemia- exercise, B12 deficiency

25. RBC Diseases Sickle-cell anemia-
HbS results from a change in just one of the 287 amino acids in the  chain in the globin molecule.
Found in 1 out of 400 African Americans.
Homozygous for sickle-cell is deadly, but in malaria infested countries, the heterozygous condition is beneficial.

26. Transmission of Malaria

27. Sickle Cell Anemia
Sickle cell is prevalent in parts of all of the following areas:
Africa
Mediterranean countries (such as Greece, Turkey, and Italy)
The Arabian peninsula
India
Spanish-speaking regions (South America, Central America, and parts of the Caribbean)

28. Distribution of the sickle cell gene

30. Genetics of Sickle Cell Anemia

31. HbA HbA HbAHbS HbAHbS HbS HbAHbS HbS HbAHbS
1 parent has sickle cell 1 doesn’t
HbA
HbA
HbAHbS
HbAHbS
HbS
HbAHbS
HbS
HbAHbS
A = Normal
S = sickle cell

32. HbA HbS HbAHbA HbAHbS HbA HbS HbAHbS HbSHbS
both parents are carriers for sickle cell
HbA
HbS
HbAHbA
HbAHbS
HbA
HbS
HbAHbS
HbSHbS
A = Normal
S = sickle cell

33. RBC Diseases
Polycythemia- excess of erythrocytes,  viscosity of blood;
8-11 million cells/mm3
Usually caused by cancer; however, naturally occurs at high elevations
Blood doping- in athletesremove blood 2 days before event and then replace it- banned by Olympics.

34. Types of Leukocytes Granulocytes Neutrophils- 40-70% Eosinophils- 1-4%
4,000-11,000 cells/mm 3
Never let monkeys eat bananas
Granulocytes
Neutrophils %
Eosinophils- 1-4%
Basophils- <1%
Agranulocytes
Monocytes- 4-8%
Lymphocytes %

35. Lymphocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil
platelet
Neutrophil
Monocyte

36. Leukocyte Squeezing Through Capillary Wall
Diapedesis
Leukocyte Squeezing Through Capillary Wall

37. WBC Diseases Mononucleosis Leukopenia Leukemias
Abnormally low WBC count—drug induced
Leukemias
Cancerous conditions involving WBCs
Named according to the abnormal WBC clone involved
Mononucleosis
highly contagious viral disease caused by Epstein-Barr virus; excessive # of agranulocytes; fatigue, sore throat, recover in a few weeks

38. Platelets Small fragments of megakaryocytes
Formation is regulated by thrombopoietin
Blue-staining outer region, purple granules
Granules contain serotonin, Ca2+, enzymes, ADP, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

39. Developmental pathway
Stem cell
Developmental pathway
Hemocyto-
blast
Promegakaryocyte
Megakaryoblast
Megakaryocyte
Platelets
Figure 17.12

40. Hemostasis- stoppage of bleeding
Platelets: 250, ,000 cells/mm3
Tissue Damage
Clotting Factors
Platelet Plug

41. Hemostasis: Vessel injury 2. Vascular spasm 3. Platelet plug formation
4. Coagulation

42. Hemostasis (+ feedback)
Clotting Factors
thromboplastin
Prothrombin
Thrombin
Fibrinogen
Fibrin
Traps RBC & platelets
Platelets release thromboplastin

43. Blood Clot
Fibrin thread
Platelet
RBC

44. Disorders of Hemostasis
Thromboembolytic disorders: undesirable clot formation
Bleeding disorders: abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation

45. Thromboembolytic Conditions
Thrombus: clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel
May block circulation, leading to tissue death
Embolus: a thrombus freely floating in the blood stream
Pulmonary emboli impair the ability of the body to obtain oxygen
Cerebral emboli can cause strokes

46. Thromboembolytic Conditions
Prevented by
Aspirin
Antiprostaglandin that inhibits thromboxane A2
Heparin
Anticoagulant used clinically for pre- and postoperative cardiac care
Warfarin
Used for those prone to atrial fibrillation

47. Bleeding Disorders
Thrombocytosis- too many platelets due to inflammation, infection or cancer
Thrombocytopenia- too few platelets
causes spontaneous bleeding
due to suppression or destruction of bone marrow (e.g., malignancy, radiation)
Platelet count <50,000/mm3 is diagnostic
Treated with transfusion of concentrated platelets

48. Impaired liver function
Bleeding Disorders
Impaired liver function
Inability to synthesize procoagulants
Causes include vitamin K deficiency, hepatitis, and cirrhosis
Liver disease can also prevent the liver from producing bile, impairing fat and vitamin K absorption

49. Bleeding Disorders
Hemophilias include several similar hereditary bleeding disorders
Symptoms include prolonged bleeding, especially into joint cavities
Treated with plasma transfusions and injection of missing factors

50. Hemophiliac- a sex-linked recessive trait, primarily carried by males (x chromosome)

51. Blood Types
Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O

52. Blood Typing
Blood type is based on the presence of 2 major antigens in RBC membranes-- A and B
Blood type Antigen Antibody
A A anti-B
B B anti-A
A & B AB no anti body
Neither A or B O anti-A and anti-B
Antigen- protein on the surface of a RBC membrane
Antibody- proteins made by lymphocytes in plasma which are made in response to the presence of antigens.
They attack foreign antigens, which result in clumping (agglutination)

53. Type A b b b b b b b

54. Type B a a a a a a a

55. Type O a b a a a b b a a b

56. Type AB

57. Rh Factor and Pregnancy
                                                                                                             
RH+ indicates protein
RH+ indicates protein
RH- indicates no protein

58. Rh Factor and Pregnancy
Rh+ mother w/Rh- baby– no problem
Rh- mother w/Rh+ baby– problem
Rh- mother w/Rh- father– no problem
Rh- mother w/Rh- baby-- no problem
RhoGAM 28 weeks

59. Type AB- universal recipients Type O- universal donor Rh factor:
Rh factor:
Rh+ 85% dominant in pop
Rh- 15% recessive
Blood Type Clumping Antibody
A antigen A anti-A serum antibody anti-b
B antigen B anti-B serum antibody anti-a
AB antigen A & B anti A & B serum -
O neither A or B no clumping w/ either anti A or B anti-a, anti-b

60. agglutinates with both sera)
Blood being tested
Serum
Anti-A
Anti-B
Type AB (contains
agglutinogens A and B;
agglutinates with both
sera)
RBCs
Type A (contains
agglutinogen A;
agglutinates with anti-A)
Type B (contains
agglutinogen B;
agglutinates with anti-B)
Type O (contains no
agglutinogens; does not
agglutinate with either
serum)
Figure 17.16

61. Blood Type & Rh
How Many Have It
Frequency O
Rh Positive
1 person in 3
37.4%
Rh Negative
1 person in 15
6.6% A
35.7%
1 person in 16
6.3% B
1 person in 12
8.5%
1 person in 67
1.5% AB
1 person in 29
3.4%
1 person in 167
.6%

62. ABO Blood Types
Phenotype Genotype
O i i
A I A I A or I A i
B I B I B or I B i
AB I A I B

63. Punnett square
Type A and Type B cross IB i IA
IAIB
IAi IA
IAIB
IAi

64. INQUIRY
What is an erythrocyte, leukocyte, and thrombocyte?
What 2 things do red cells lack compared to white cells?
What dietary component is needed for the production of red blood cells?
The largest cells in the blood that leave the bloodstream to become macrophages are ____.
In an acute infection, the white cell count would show as ______.
Erythroblastosis fetalis , also known as hemolytic newborn disease, occurs in ____ mothers carrying ____ fetuses.
What antigens and antibodies found on AB red cells?
In a transfusion, what type blood can you give a type O person?