1. Ionic and Metallic Bonding
Chapter 7

2. Ions
Valence electrons are the electrons in the highest occupied energy level of an elements atoms.
Valence electrons determine the chemical properties
THE HILL OF OXIDATION NUMBERS

3. Valence Electrons Group # shows the # of Valence Electrons! 1A = 1
Etc..
A bit of a review!

4. Octet
Rule
In forming compounds, atoms tend to gain or lose electrons in order to achieve the electron configuration of a noble gas!!!

5. Octet Rule = atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons so as to have 8 electrons
C would like to
N would like to
O would like to
lose 4 electrons
Gain 3 electrons
Gain 2 electrons

6. Key Concept
Metals form Cations
Nonmetals form Anions

7. Formation of Cations
When an atom loses an electron it produces a positively charged ion, or a cation. .

8. Electron–Dot Structures for Ions
Remove electrons for cations
Sodium Atomic number 11 1s22s22p63s1 Na
1 Valence electron
Remove electron to form ion + Na
Sodium Ion Atomic number 11 1s22s22p63s0
Now has full shell with similar electronic configuration to Neon
--Stable noble gas configuration

9. Formation of Anions
The gain of negatively charged electrons by a neutral atom produces an anion.

10. Electron–Dot Structures for Ions
Add electrons for anions
Chlorine atomic number s22s22p63s23p5
7 Valence electrons Cl
Add electron to form ion -
Chloride ion atomic number 17 1s22s22p63s23p6 Cl
8 Valence electrons
Now has full shell with similar electronic configuration to Argon
--Stable noble gas configuration

11. Mg Lewis Dot Structures Mg example 1s22s22p6 3s2 [Ne] 3s2
The valence shell is the outermost shell of electrons of an atom.
Mg example
1s22s22p6
3s2
[Ne]
3s2
2 electrons in the valence Shell
Use dots to represent Valence Electrons Mg

12. Electron-Dot Structures
Valence electrons represented by dots
Electron-dot symbols
– Examples: Na•, •Mg•, …

13. Ionic Bonds
Compounds composed of cations and anions are called ionic compounds.
Although they are composed of ions, ionic compounds are electrically neutral.
The electrostatic forces that hold ions
Together in ionic compounds are
Called Ionic bonds.

15. Formula Units Shows the number of atoms in a compound.
Ionic compounds = Formula Units

16. Properties of Ionic Compounds
Most are crystalline solids at room temperature.
High melting points.
Conduct electricity when melted or dissolved in water.

17. For NaCl the ratio of the ions is 1:1 (one Na+ to one Cl-)
A formula unit is the lowest whole-number ratio of ions in an ionic compound.
For NaCl the ratio of the ions is 1:1 (one Na+ to one Cl-)
What is the formula unit for Magnesium Chloride?

18. Practice, Practice, Practice
Use the criss cross method to determine formulas of the ionic compounds formed when
1. potassium reacts with iodine.
2. Aluminum reacts with oxygen.

19. Practice, Practice Write the formulas for each compound.
Barium chloride
Lithium oxide
Magnesium oxide
Calcium flouride

20. 7.3 Bonding in Metals
The valence electrons of metal atoms can be modeled as a sea of electrons.
That is, the valence electrons are mobile and can drift freely from one part of the metal to another.
Metallic Bonding Animation

21. Alloys
Mixtures composed of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal.
Their properties are often superior to those of their component elements.

22. Learning Check Give the ionic charge for each of the following:
A. 12 p+ and 10 e-
1) 0 2) 2+ 3) 2-
B. 50p+ and 46 e-
1) 2+ 2) 4+ 3) 4-
C. 15 p+ and 18e-
2) ) 3- 3) 5-

23. Learning Check A. Number of valence electrons in aluminum
1) 1 e ) 2 e- 3) 3 e-
B. Change in electrons for octet
1) lose 3e ) gain 3 e ) gain 5 e-
C. Ionic charge of aluminum
1) ) ) 3+

24. Solution A. Number of valence electrons in aluminum 3) 3 e-
B. Change in electrons for octet
1) lose 3e-
C. Ionic charge of aluminum
3) 3+

25. Review.. What is a chemical bond? Force that holds two atoms together
What is an ionic bond?
An electrostatic force that holds oppositely charged particles together in an ionic compound
Forms when….?
What are atoms and compounds always trying to achieve?
Stability
Complete set of valence electrons…