1. Ionic & Metallic Bonding

2. Valence Shell
This copper atom has an outside shell with only one electron
The _____________ of any atom is called the ___________________
This electron is called a ___________________

3. Determine the number of valence e- for the following elements:
Cl -
Li -
Mg -
N -
H -
C -
Ne -
He -

4. Lewis (electron) dot structures
Diagrams that show the valence e-
Li Mg B Si
N S F Ne • • • • • • • • • •

5. Atoms want to be Stable Atoms want to be ___________ (Neutral)
Atoms WANT the _______________________ _____________________ in order to balance their electrical charges
Which group of elements is _____________?
Group 18 – _____________
How do Atoms become stable?
_________________
Think about how octet refers to music or poetry…
Octet refers to a group of eight performers or a composition written for eight performers.
An octet refers to a group of eight lines of a verse in poetry.

6. Electron Shells & Octet Rule
The _______________ states that atoms tend to gain or lose e- so that they will have a _______________________
The first outer shell is stable with 2 e-
The second and third outer shells are stable with 8 e-
* The means the ____________________________ with another Atom in order to ___________________________

7. Why is the Octet Rule Important?
The Octet Rule is used to describe the attraction of elements with other elements
Whenever possible, every element wants a complete valence shell!
A ________________________ with _______ (octet) e- is stable, and many atoms lose or gain e- to get to “8”

8. Think about the Octet Rule:
C would like to
N would like to
O would like to
Gain 4 electrons
Gain 3 electrons
Gain 2 electrons

9. What is Chemical Bonding?
A _________________ is an _____________ ______________________ or molecules that allows the formation of chemical compounds
Chemical ________________ contain _________ _____________________atoms bonded together

10. 04/10/99
Why do Atoms Make Bonds?
Most atoms (except the Noble gases) are not “stable” in their natural state
They tend to react (____________) with other atoms _______________________
Stability = __________________!!!!

11. Ions ___________________________________
Where does the charge come from?
Electrons
Which electrons are important?
___________________________
e- in the outer most orbital (shell)
How can you quickly determine the number of valence e-?
Same as _______________ on the Periodic Table

12. Formation of Positive Ions (Cations)
Atoms that _____________
End up with a __________________
Known as ______________
What type of elements would be willing to lose an e-?
Those with only a few valence e-
____________
Group 1 & 2 elements

13. How do you know the _____________ an atom is willing __________?
Mg →
How do you know the _____________ an atom is willing __________?
_____________ on the Periodic Table
When e- are lost the __________________ _________________ because the Protons have more pull on the valence e- •
Na+ + e-
• •
Mg e-

14. Formation of Negative Ions (Anions)
Atoms that __________
End up with a ____________________
Known as _______________
What type of elements would benefit from gaining e-?
Those with valence e- close to the octet
______________
Groups 15, 16, & 17

15. Cl e- →
O e- →
How can you determine the ___________ that an atom can _________?
_____________ on the Periodic Table
When e- are gained the Atomic Radius increases because the Protons have less pull on the valence e-
• • Cl • -
• • • •
• •
• • O
• • • 2- • • •
• •

16. Ionic Bonds
Positive Ions (cations) and Negative Ions (anions) are attracted to one another
Remember! ________ __________________
Cations --> Anions

17. Ionic Bonding
In _________________ one atom has a stronger _______________ for electrons than the other, and “steals” an electron from a second atom
Remember, an “ion” is an atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is NOT equal to the total number of protons!
Causing it to be more positive or negative – so, it is more “attractive” (it exerts a greater “pull” on the other atom’s electrons)

18. Ionic bonding Ionic bonding involves 3 steps (3 energies)
04/10/99
Ionic bonding involves 3 steps (3 energies)
1) loss of an electron(s) by one element
2) gain of electron(s) by a second element
3) attraction between positive and negative e– 1) 2) Na Cl 3)
Cl–
Na+
Cl–
Na+

19. Ionic Bonds = Fatal Attraction!

20. Metals vs. Non-Metals ___________ tend to _______________
Which means they end up with a _____________
____________ tend to _______________
Metals are Losers…
Are you sure?
YES! I’m Positive!

21. Metallic Bonding _____________ to ____________
Can be same metallic element
Can be two different metallic elements
An alloy
Examples????