1. Session 2 Technology Options in Faecal Sludge Management
Training Programme on
“Water Supply, Sewerage
and Septage Management and Drainage”
6 – 7 December 2016
Venue: RCUES, Lucknow

2. SFD in India - 2011 Containment Emptying Transport Treatment Reuse/
Disposal
1.4%
0.1%
Centralized System (11.9%)
Decentralized systems (2%)
Legally dumped (9.3%)
Effectively Treated (1.4%)
Not Effectively Treated (3.08%)
13.9% WC
36.18%
On-Site Facility
Safely Emptied (31%)
Safely Abandoned (0.09%)
Leakage includes DEWATS
(3.6%+ 0.2%)
Illegally dumped (21.7%)
Effectively Treated (5.2%)
5.2%
50%
5.2%
12.7%
21.7%
3.8%
Domestic Environment
Receiving Waters
Agriculture field
93.3%
Not Effectively
Treated (0.45%)
6.7%
Not Effectively Treated (9.21%)
Un-Safely Emptied (5.18%)
50%
OD / Open Discharge
Data Source Census 2011

3. FSM Value Chain Objectives Reduce Open Defecation
Access to Sanitary latrines.
Standard Containment systems to avoid leakages in to the system
Safe collection and transportation of FS to avoid health hazard and leakage into environment
Treating septage to safe levels of disposal
Reuse of end products to bring economic benefits

4. Treatment across Sanitation Value Chain
User interface
Collection + storage/ treatment
Conveyance
(semi) centralised treatment
Re-use and/or disposal
Septic Tanks
Pit Latrines
Soak Pits
Vacuum Trucks
DEWATS
STPs
FS treatment plants
Agriculture/ farmlands
Landfill
ON-SITE SANITATION SYSTEMS

5. USER INTERFACE

6. User Interface 1 Individual Toilet 2 Shared Toilet 3 Community toilet4
Public toilet

7. Toilet Types: Flushing system
No flush
Pour flush toilet
Cistern flush toilet
Vacuum flush toilet

8. Pre-cast concrete toilet Pre-fabricated toilet
Superstructure
Pre-cast concrete toilet
Pre-fabricated toilet

9. CONTAINMENT/ STORAGE

10. Containment/Storage Onsite sanitation system 1 Single Pit 2 Twin Pit 3
Conventional Septic Tank 4
Urine Diversion Dry Toilet
Onsite sanitation system

11. Pit System
Operating principle – collection of solids and liquid infiltration into ground, Use of alternating pits through diversion chamber
Average depth is 2m and is limited by the groundwater table
The latrine can be used until it is filled up
Water seal pan avoids direct contact and smell and Vent pipe to avoid odor and fly nuisance
Area = 1 – 3 sqmt, Cost per pit = 3 to 4K
Sealed bottom (in dry pits, porous bottom)

12. Septic tank
Operating principle – sedimentation of solids, filtration and part digestion and supernatant filtration in the soak away
HRT = 1-2 days (higher the retention time, better efficiency) SRT = desludging period 2-3 years
Area required for installation = 3-4 sqmt (5 users) and Cost per septic tank (5 users) = to INR

13. Anaerobic Biogas digester
Operating principle – sedimentation of solids, filtration and good digestion
HRT = 1-2 days (higher the retention time, better efficiency) SRT = desludging period 2- 3 years
Area required for installation = 3-4 sqmt (5 users) and Cost per tank (5 users) = to INR

14. Urine diversion and composting toilet – Ecosan Concept
Containment – Alternative system
Urine diversion and composting toilet – Ecosan Concept
Urine is flushed into an air tight urine storage.
Faeces drops into a insulated vault where it is collected in a container.
The urine is utilized for agriculture.
The full container is left for decomposition during 6 months and used for compost.
Composting chamber attached for degradation of organic materials
Straw and vegetable waste is added to the faeces to support the composting process
Significant reduction in pathogens and Compost can be used as a soil conditioner

15. WHO – UNICEF; JMP
An "improved" sanitation facility is one that hygienically separates human excreta from human contact. The definitions used by the JMP are often different from those used by national governments.
Hygienic toilets
Unhygienic toilets
Flush toilet
Networked toilets
Septic tank and Pit latrine
Pit with slab
VIP
Flush toilet to elsewhere
Pit latrine without slab
Bucket
Hanging toilet
Shared toilet
Open defecation

16. EMPTYING/ COLLECTION/ TRANSPORTATION

17. Sludge emptying / collection
Emptying / Collection / Transportation
Sludge emptying / collection 1
Bucket System 4
Vaccutug 2
Gulper System 5
Dung Beetle 3
Portable Pump 6
Vacuum Tanker

18. Collection & Conveyance-Very limited access to Vacuum tanks
TEMPRORY MEASURE IMMEADATELY UPGRADED
Bucket System
Gulper System
Portable pump
With protective gears
Needs to be upgraded wherever possible immediately

19. Small Volume transport for roads with width less than 3 mtrs
Collection & Conveyance - Limited access
Small Volume transport for roads with width less than 3 mtrs
Capacity – 1000, 2000 liters

20. Large Volume Transport for roads with width more than 3 mtrs
Collection & Conveyance - Adequate access
Large Volume Transport for roads with width more than 3 mtrs
Capacity – 2000, 4000 liters

21. Fixed /Mobile Transfer Station
Collection & Conveyance – Very limited access to Vacuum tanks
Fixed /Mobile Transfer Station
Access to pits is very limited
Densely populated low income settlement with pits and limited road access
Permanent solution / constructed closer to the community where it can be accessible by large vacuum tank
Needs to be operated by community with the support of ULB

22. TREATMENT
TREATMENT

23. Organic Load Reduction
Treatment – Objectives
Selection of treatment options based on achievement of following objectives
Priority
Pathogen Removal
Organic Load Reduction
Reuse
Highest
Lowest

24. Treatment – Approach 1 2 3 4 5 6 Separation of solids
Sludge stabilization 3
Dewatering / Drying
Sludge percolate treatment 4 5
Disinfection 6
Safe disposal / Reuse

25. Possible Treatment Options
Source: Fecal sludge management systems approach for implementation and Operation, IWA Publications, 2014

26. Solid Liquid Separation and Dewatering
Settling Tanks and Sedimentation Ponds
Sludge Drying Beds
Planted Sludge Drying Beds

27. Settling Tanks and Sedimentation Ponds
Settling tanks provide a liquid retention time of a few hours (to ensure settling of Settleable solids)
Sedimentation ponds provide a liquid retention of few days or several weeks
designed on
Desired depth and
Quantity of accumulating solids
The accumulating solids have to be removed and treated further

28. Sludge Drying Beds
It is a shallow filter tank filled with graded gravel mainly used for dewatering of stabilized sludge
Graded filter media of different diameter used for the depth of 50-60cm depth with the top layer as sand
Approximately 50-80% of the liquid drains of as filtrate and 20-50% due to evaporation
The depth of sludge applied per loading is not more than 30cm
Sludge drying period range of days depending on the temperature

29. Planted Sludge Drying Beds
FS is loaded with layers of sludge that are subsequently dewatered and stabilized through multiple physical and biological mechanisms
The beds consist of gravel/sand/soil filter planted with plants such as reeds, cattails, bulrushes
Liquid fraction flows vertically downwards through media and is collected at bottom and treated separately
Sludge retention time is 2-3 years depending on sludge loading rate TS

30. Stabilization/Treatment
Co-treatment with Wastewater
Co – Composting with Municipal Solid waste
Anaerobic Digestion: Biogas digester
LaDePa pelletizer
Mechanical Treatment Options

31. Co-treatment with Wastewater
Septage addition at the nearest sewer manhole, upstream of STP
Septage addition at STP
Septage addition to Sludge Digesters / Sludge Drying Beds

32. Co – Composting with Municipal solid waste
Co-composting is a mixture of organic solid waste and faecal sludge with pre-defined moisture content (40-60%) at specified condition
Human waste is rich with Nitrogen and moisture content; solid waste has high organic carbon content
Co – composting of Faecal Sludge and organic solid waste range from 1: 2 – 1:10 depending on the Faecal Sludge characteristics and its water content

33. Types of Co-Composting
Open Systems
Material is piled in heaps (called windrows)
Size of heap ensures sufficient heat generation
Aeration is guaranteed by active ventilation, regular turning and addition of bulky materials
Closed Systems
Systems can be movable or static
Aeration and moisture are controlled by mechanical means and require external energy
Such systems are cost intensive and are O&M intensive

34. Anaerobic Digestion
This process ensure effective sludge digestion and stabilization
During digestion:
Organic matter is converted to biogas
The stabilized sludge (digestate) utilized as soil conditioner
The SRT is maintained for days
Removal of accumulated solids from the digester remain a challenge

35. Mechanical Treatment Options
The technologies used to treat wastewater sludges are also applicable for Faecal Sludge namely:
Belt Filter Press
Screw Press
Centrifuge
Advantages of mechanical treatment options include compactness and speed of the process
Limitations of mechanical treatment options include high investment costs, O&M and electricity requirements

36. Mechanical Treatment Options

37. LaDePa pelletizer
Modifying a commercially available pyrolysis unit and adding dewatering and water treatment units.
Pyrolysis is a process which decomposes matter using heat in the absence of oxygen.

38. LaDePa Pelletizer

39. Lime Treatment
Objective of lime addition is to achieve reduction of pathogens, odor and degradable organic matter
The level of digestion depends on the degree of the initial stabilisation of FS, the temperature, and on the retention time inside the tank
As per the experience in order to achieve the desired results, it is proposed to 5 kg of lime per cum of sludge

40. Geo-tube bags
Geo bags are porous tubular containers fabricated with high strength woven geo-textiles (polyethylene material) mainly used for dewatering sludge .
Bags will help to achieve the capture of 98% of solids from the sludge
Polymer will added to increase the solid settling
Filtrates from the container should be collected and treated properly before discharge

41. Anaerobic based approach for Faecal sludge treatment
Faecal Sludge/Septage
Screen Chamber
Sand and grit removal
Settling Tank
Separation - free water
Anaerobic digester
Stabilization
Liquid-solid separation
Solids
Liquid
Disposal
Liquid Treatment
Effluent is discharged into agricultural fields, drain or water body
DEWATS
Unplanted drying bed
Dewatering
Co-composting
Disinfection
Enriching fertilizer value
Regular operator is required. O&M is simple
Capital cost is high and recurrent cost is minimal
Large area requirement (UG+OG)
Suitable for large quantity (20cum)
Good treatment efficiency
Regular feeding is not a issue
End product is compost. Can be used as soil conditioner
Cost- INR: 25,000-40,000/cum

42. Mineralization based approach for Faecal sludge treatment
Faecal Sludge/Septage
Screen Chamber
Sand and grit removal
Planted Drying beds
Stabilization
Co-composting
Dewatering
Solids
Liquid
End product is compost. Can be used as soil conditioner
Disposal
Liquid Treatment
Effluent is discharged into agricultural fields, drain or water body
DEWATS
Disinfection
Commonly practiced technique due to simplicity
Moderate capital cost, Low recurring cost
Large area requirement
Good treatment efficiency
Location of the treatment system may be an issue – odor, flies
Operation and mainatainace may be an issue – acceptance
Regular feeding may be an issue
Cost- INR: 40,000-60,000/cum

43. Criteria: Selection of Technology
Quality and Quantity of FS
Land Availability / Location
O&M Availability
CAPEX / OPEX
End use requirement / Business model
Short term vs Long term
Climatic conditions

44. END USE

45. Key considerations People’s needs and preferences (socio-cultural);
Local materials, products and skills;
Economic viability;
Additional barriers;
Regulatory aspects

46. Soil Conditioner and Fertilizer in Agriculture Protein for animal feed
End Use Methodologies
END - USE Methodology
DESCRIPTION
Soil Conditioner and Fertilizer in Agriculture
Treated faecal sludge and urine can be applied to soil to improve plant growth by a) increasing nutrients b) improving the physical structure of the soil.
Biogas
Faecal sludge is mixed with organic waste to produce biogas and digestate. Biogas is used as energy source for lighting and boiling
Solid Fuel
Dried faecal sludge can replace other fuels such as wood and charcoal, which are more expensive and damaging to the local environment
Protein for animal feed
Animals such as larvae feed on faecal sludge and provide a protein source for farm animals and fish
Aquaculture
Faecal sludge is fed to aquatic organisms such as fish and aquatic plants. These aquatic organisms can then be eaten directly used as animal feed or used as fertilizers

47. Any further questions?
… Thank You!