1. Common poisoning

2. Paracetamol poisoning
Paracetamol in overdosage can cause severe cenrilobular hepatic necrosis.
The toxic dose is 10 – 15 gm, while fatal fulminant hepatic failure is usually associated with ingestion of 25 gm.
Paracetamol is metabolized to a toxic reactive metabolite. However, this metabolite is detoxified by binding to glutathione. When the level of glutathione depletes, toxicity is expected.
Symptoms of toxicity include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and right upper abdominal pain.

3. Management of paracetamol poisoning
If the patient presents within 1 hour, activated charcoal is administered.
Antidote administration is guided by the results of paracetamol serum level, plotted against time
The antidote works by providing glutathione to detoxify paracetamol toxic metabolite.

5. Management of paracetamol poisoning
The serum level of paracetamol should be taken 4 hours after ingestion.
If the patient presents after 8 hours, the antidote should be started before the result of the serum level is available, because its efficacy diminishes after 10 h of ingestion.
For patients who present after 15 h, antidote therapy is started, liver function tests and prothrombin time is asked, and liver transplantation center is consulted.

6. Management of paracetamol poisoning
The antidote of choice is N. acetylcysteine which is highly protective if given in the first 10 hours.
The dose is:
150mg/kg in 200 ml N.S. /15min.
50mg/kg in 500 ml N.S. /4h.
100mg/kg in 1 litre N.S. /20 h.
Alternatively, methionine 12 gm is given orally every 4 hours, to be repeated 4 times.

7. Aspirin (salicylate) poisoning
Aspirin is toxic when ingested at doses greater than 150 mg/kg.
Nausea, vomiting, tinnitus, and deafness are the initial manifestations.
Direct stimulation of the respiratory tract causes hyperventilation (central hyperventilation).
Moderately severe poisoning is associated with peripheral vasodilatation, profuse sweating, petechiae, and subcojunctival haemorrhage.
Serious poisoning is associated with metabolic acidosis, renal failure, CNS depression (agitation, confusion, coma, and fits). Cerebral and pulmonary oedema may develop

8. Management of aspirin poisoning
Activated charcoal is used in multiple doses for adsorption of the ingested drug.
Metabolic acidosis is treated with 8.4% NaHCO3.
IV normal saline is required to control severe dehydration (from sweating and vomiting). Fluids should be given with caution to avoid precipitating pulmonary oedema.
In severe poisoning, urinary alkalinization is needed; one litre of 1.26% NaHCO3 is infused over 3 hours, keeping urine pH around 7.6 – 8.5. Alkaline urine facilitates aspirin excretion.
Haemodialysis is very effective in removing salicylate, and correcting acid base imbalance

9. Organophosphorus poisoning
OPs are widely used as pesticides in agriculture, and as chemical warfare agents.
There are 3 million cases worldwide each year around deaths.
OP inactivate acetylcholine estase (AchE) enzyme by phosphorylation leading to accumulation of acetyl choline (Ach) at cholinergic synapses (muscarinic, nicotinic, and central).

10. Organophosphorus poisoning
Muscarinic effects:
miosis bradycardia (tachycardia in 20% of cases)
bronchorhoea salivation
lacrimation abdominal pain
bronchoconstriction
Nicotinic effects:
muscle fasciculation
hyperreflexia
flaccid paralysis and hyporeflexia
CNS effects:
headache dizziness
confusion coma
fits respiratory depression

11. Management of OP poisoning
Atropine (1.8 – 3 mg) is injected as a bolus immediately (3 -6 ampoules), repeated every 5 minutes until atropinization (clear lung, dry tongue, normal pulse rate, and dilated pupils).
Once atropinization is complete, 20 – 30% of the bolus dose required is infused/ hour.
Treatment should be continued for several days to avoid relapse.
Atropine is a muscarinic receptor antagonist, effective in relieving the muscarinic effects of the toxins only.
Oxime derivatives (pralidoxime and obidoxime) reactivate phosphorylated AchE, and can reverse the nicotinic effects of OP toxins.
CNS effects are treated by diazepam for convulsions, oxygen and ventilatory support for respiratory failure

12. Delayed complications of OP poisoning
After the acute cholinergic crisis is over, some patients develop an intermediate syndrome (around 48 hours later). Muscle weakness and respiratory paralysis develop due to downregulation of the nicotinic receptors due to accumulated Ach.
Rarely, OP induced delayed polyneuropathy may occur 1 – 3 weeks after the initial exposure due to degeneration of long myelinated nerve fibers. The disability it causes may recover partially after 1- 2 years.

13. Digoxine poisoning Clinical features: nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea
visual symptoms
confusion
hyperkalaemia
variable brady-, tachyarrhythmia.

14. Digoxine poisoning Treatment:
Specific antidote (digoxine antibody Fab fragments)
Continuous ECG monitoring
Volume replacement in case of hypotension ( enotropics)
Correction of hypokalaemia and hypomagnesaemia
Atropine for bradyarrythmias
Tachyarrythmias, accordingly

15. Tricyclic antidepressants poisoning
Clinical features:
hypotension and variable arrhythmias (negative enotropic effect and arrythmogenic)
warm dry skin
convulsions
Treatment:
volume replacement  vasopressor agent
cotiuous ECG monitoring
sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) 8.4%; in case of prolonged QRS complex or tachyarrhythmias

16. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
These drugs are less cardiotoxic than TCAD.
However, in large doses SSRIs can still cause hypotension and arrhythmias, as well as fever.
The treatment of toxicity is similar to TCAD.

17. Clinical manifestation Drug poisoning
Drowsiness, disturbed consciousness, and coma.
Cerebellar signs, fits
Cardiovascular toxicity
Anticonvulsants (carbamazepine, phynetoin)
Arrhythmias, fits and coma
Theophylline
Epigastric pain, nausea, and vomiting
Convulsions (10 – 20%)
NSAIDs
Hypotension, drowsiness, and fits
Phenthiazines
Drowsiness, cardiac arrhythmias
Antihistamines
Vomiting, haematamesis, abdominal pain, fits
Iron salts