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INTRODUCTION © 2017, John R. Fanchi
All rights reserved. No part of this manual may be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of the author. © 2004 John R. Fanchi All rights reserved. Do not copy or distribute.
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To the Instructor The set of files here are designed to help you prepare lectures for your own course using the text Introduction to Petroleum Engineering, J.R. Fanchi and R.L. Christiansen (Wiley, 2017) File format is kept simple so that you can customize the files with relative ease using your own style. You will need to supplement the files to complete the presentation topics.
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Outline What is Petroleum? What is Petroleum Engineering?
Oilfield Units How Do We Access the Resource? Life Cycle of a Reservoir Homework: IPE Ch. 1
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WHAT IS PETROLEUM? © 2004 John R. Fanchi All rights reserved. Do not copy or distribute.
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Formation of Petroleum
Biogenic Theory
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Chemical Basis of Fossil Fuels
Petroleum Composition Biochemistry
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Producing Fluid Ratios
Gas/Oil Ratio (GOR) cf gas/bbl oil = rate gas/rate oil Water/Oil Ratio (WOR) bbl water/bbl oil = rate water/rate oil Water cut bbl water/(bbl oil + bbl water) = rate water/(rate oil + rate water)
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API Gravity Fluid °API Fresh water 10 Heavy oil < 25 Average oil
Light oil
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Classification of Oil and Gas
Fluid Type Separator GOR (MSCF/STB) Gravity (°API) Behavior in Reservoir due to Pressure Decrease Dry gas No surface liquids Remains gas Wet gas > 50 40 to 60 Condensate Gas with liquid drop out Volatile oil 2.0 – 3.3 > 40 Liquid with significant gas Black oil < 2.0 < 45 Liquid with some gas Heavy oil ≈ 0 Negligible gas formation
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Classifying Hydrocarbon Liquid Types Using API Gravity and Viscosity
(degrees API) Viscosity (centipoises) Light oil > 31.1 Medium oil 22.3 to 31.1 Heavy oil 10 to 22.3 Water 10 1 cp Extra heavy oil 4 to 10 < 10,000 cp Bitumen > 10,000 cp
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WHAT IS PETROLEUM ENGINEERING?
© 2004 John R. Fanchi All rights reserved. Do not copy or distribute.
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Aspects of Petroleum Engineering
Drilling Engineering Production Engineering Reservoir Engineering
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OILFIELD UNITS © 2004 John R. Fanchi All rights reserved. Do not copy or distribute.
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Examples of Common Unit Systems
Length ft m Time hr sec Pressure psia Pa lbf/ft2 Volumetric flow rate bbl/day m3/s ft3/s Viscosity cp Pa∙s lbf∙s/ft2
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HOW DO WE ACCESS THE RESOURCE?
© 2004 John R. Fanchi All rights reserved. Do not copy or distribute.
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Typical Project Workflow
Identify project opportunities Generate and evaluate alternatives Select and design the desired alternative Implement the alternative Operate the alternative Over the life of the project Include abandonment Evaluate the success of the project Learn lessons Apply lessons to future projects
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Traditional E&P Company Processes – 1 [after Raymond and Leffler, 2006, Fig. 12-2]
Evaluate assets Negotiate or bid and acquire assets Model resource and reservoir * Acquire subsurface data * Prepare subsurface development plan * Well design * Surface facilities design * * May be outsourced to service companies
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Traditional E&P Company Processes – 2 [after Raymond and Leffler, 2006, Fig. 12-2]
Construct facilities * Drill wells * Operate wells * Maintain facilities * Maintain wells * Monitor and evaluate reservoir performance * Abandon facilities and wells * May be outsourced to service companies
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Evolution of Drilling Rigs
Cable tool drilling rig use peaks circa 1859 Transition to rotary drilling rig circa 1900 – 1930 Rotary rigs appear late 1800s; dominate today Bit Derrick Bull Wheel Engine Walking Beam Cable Tool Drilling Rig
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Rotary Drilling Rig
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Basic Drilling Functions
Prime Movers Engines Hoisting System Raise and lower pipe (e.g. drillstring, casing, tubing) Derrick, drawworks, blocks and hook Rotating System Rotate drillstring and bit Swivel, kelly, rotary table Circulating System Circulate drilling fluid Pumps, standpipe, return line, solids control equipment Controlling System Control pressure Blowout preventers, choke system
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Wellbore Diagram for Vertical Well
Concentration (ppm) Fresh water < 1,000 Brackish water 1,000 to 35,000 Brine > 35,000 Source: Hyne (2012, pg 18)
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Well Orientation Vertical Well Deviated Well Horizontal Well
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Advances in Drilling Technology
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Hydraulic Fracturing Develop shale gas by combining directional drilling and hydraulic fracturing
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Exploration Wells Wildcat (aka controlled exploratory well)
Test a trap that has never produced (new field wildcat) Test a new reservoir in a known field Extend known limits of producing reservoir Rank wildcat Well drilled at least 2 miles (3 kms) from known production Discovery well The wildcat discovers new field
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Development Wells Wells for estimating field size Development well
Appraisal well Delineation well Step out well Development well Well drilled in known extent of field Infill well Well drilled between producing wells in established field
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Well Function Production well Injection well
Produce gas and/or liquids Produce heat e.g. geothermal wells Injection well Inject gas and/or liquids Includes Disposal well Sequestration well Inject heat e.g. steam flood
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LIFE CYCLE OF A RESERVOIR
© 2004 John R. Fanchi All rights reserved. Do not copy or distribute.
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Typical Production Profile
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Stages in the Life of a Reservoir
Function Exploration Identify resource prospects Discovery Find resource Delineation Determine size of resource Development Prepare strategy for extracting resources Production Produce resource Abandonment Leave resource location
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Sketch of Production Stages
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Stages of Recovery Primary Recovery Secondary Recovery
Natural Flow or Artificial Lift Secondary Recovery Waterflood or Gas Injection Tertiary Recovery Thermal (steam or in-situ) Gas Injection (CO2, N2, etc.) Chemical Microbial
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Stages in the Life of a Reservoir
Exploration Discovery Delineation Development Primary Secondary Tertiary Infill Drilling EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) IOR (Improved Oil Recovery) EGR (Enhanced Gas Recovery) Abandonment
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QUESTIONS? © 2004 John R. Fanchi All rights reserved. Do not copy or distribute.
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SUPPLEMENT © 2004 John R. Fanchi All rights reserved. Do not copy or distribute.
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