1. Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
2 Divisions, ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY

2. Basic Functions of Living Things
2 Divisions, ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY

3. Responsiveness Organisms respond to change.
Organisms also make long term changes.
NEXT

4. Growth
Over a lifetime, organisms grow larger, increasing in size or number of cells.
Cells become differentiated for their function in the body.
NEXT

5. Reproduction Movement
Organisms reproduce, creating subsequent generations.
Movement
Organisms produce either internal or external movements in their environment.
NEXT

6. Metabolism
Organisms rely on complex chemical reactions to provide energy for responsiveness, growth, reproduction, and movement.
NEXT

8. The Sciences of A & P
1. gross anatomy -study of body parts visible without a microscope
2. microanatomy -study of structures at a microscopic level (ex: histology)
3. physiology - dealing with the mechanisms that operate body activities
(How does it work?)
NEXT

9. Microscopic Anatomy 1. Cytology-examines internal cells of the body.
2. Histology-examines the tissues of the body.

10. Gross Anatomy
1. Surface Anatomy- in regard to general form and superficial markings
2. Regional Anatomy- in regard to a region (head, trunk, etc…)
3. Systemic Anatomy-in regard to individual systems (muscular, respiratory, etc…)

11. Physiology 1. Cell Physiology- studies living cells
2. Special Physiology- studies specific organs (kidney function)
3.System Physiology- considers all aspects of the function of specific organ systems
4.Pathological Physiology- studies the effects of disease on organs or systems

12. Structural levels of Organization: Building a House!
sand →
cement→
foundation →
tree →
wood →
plank →
frame →
HOUSE!

13. Structural Levels of Organization: Building a Human!
There are six (6) levels of structural organization:
Simple to Complex…
1. Chemical level
2. Cellular level
3. Tissue level
4. Organ level
5. System level
6. The complete organism

14. Structural Level of Organization: Building a human…A Closer Look…
1. Chemical Level: The molecular makeup of the body
Proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

15. 2. Cellular Level: molecules combine to form cells
Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life

16. 3. Tissue Level: tissues are a group of cells which perform a certain function
4 types of tissues:
A. connective
B. epithelial
C. muscular
D. nervous

17. 4. Organ Level: two or more different groups of tissues combine to perform a specific function…
liver→blood detoxification
heart→blood
circulation

18. 5. System level: two or more organs (and their related structures) perform a general function…
Esophagus+ stomach+intestines+
liver+ pancreas = DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

19. 6. THE COMPLETE ORGANISM!
Composed of ALL systems which work together to maintain survival of the perfect human specimen…

20. Homeostasis and System Integration

21. Homeostasis and System Integration

22. Disease:
Disease results from the disruption of homeostasis

23. Example: Diabetes- can be caused by too little insulin (a chemical produced by the pancreas to regulate blood sugar), resistance to insulin, or both. May result in a dangerously high blood glucose level

24. The Anatomical Position:
Universally accepted
Based on a person standing upright, facing the observer, with the arms at the sides and feet and palms facing forward

25. Language of Anatomy
Surface anatomy- create a mental map of the body

26. Language of Anatomy
Anatomical Landmarks anatomy-names and adjectives used

27. Language of Anatomy Anatomical Regions Head Region Neck Region
Trunk Region
Upper Appendages
Lower Appendages

28. The Head Region: (2 parts)
1. The face
2. The cranium

29. The Neck Region: (2 parts)
1. anterior neck (front)
2. posterior neck (back)

30. The Trunk Region: (4 parts)
1. Thorax-upper portion
2. Abdomen- middle portion
3. Pelvis- lower portion
4. Back- posterior side

31. The Upper Appendages: (9 parts)
1. shoulder
2. axilla (armpit)
3. brachium (upper arm)
4. elbow
5. forearm
6. carpus (wrist)
7. manus (hand)
8. palm
9. digits

32. The Lower Appendages: (8 parts)
1. gluteus (buttock)
2. femorus (thigh)
3. knee
4. crus (leg)
5. tarsus (ankle)
6. pes (foot)
7. sole
8. digits

33. Language of Anatomy
Anatomical Directions

34. Directional Terms: mapping out the human body (Textbook page 19- Table 1-2, Fig. 1-8)
Def: describes the location of a body structure in relation to another structure…
Superior-towards the head
Anterior-toward the front (belly)
Medial-toward the middle
Inferior away from the head
Posterior-toward the back
Lateral-away from the middle

35. Directional Terms (Continued)
Superficial-toward the surface of the body
Proximal-toward the point of attachment
Deep-inward from the surface
Distal-away from the point of attachment

36. Frontal view of a knee joint

37. Body Planes-another useful tool for mapping the body (Textbook-Fig
1- Frontal Plane- (coronal)-divides the body into anterior and posterior
2- Sagittal Plane- divides the body into left and right halves
3- Transverse Plane (Horizontal)-divides the body into top and bottom halves

38. Internal Body Cavities: (2 major)
1. Dorsal Cavity- (posterior) contains…
Cranial cavity (brain)
Vertebral canal (spinal cord)
2. Ventral Cavity-
(anterior) contains…
Thoracic cavity (heart & lungs)
Abdominopelvic Cavity:
Abdominal cavity (stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, spleen)
pelvic cavity ( bladder and reproductive organs)

39. The Abdominopelvic Cavity in greater detail:
Largest cavity of the body
Contains a large number of organs…
So we sub-divide! (2 ways…)

40. Nine Region Method: Right Hypochondriac region Epigastric
Left hypochondriac region
Right lumbar
Umbilical region
Left lumbar region
Right iliac
Hypogastric region
Left iliac region

41. Four Region Method: Right upper quadrant Left upper quadrant
Right Lower Quadrant
Left Lower Quadrant