1. PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY
IMPORTANT TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

2. OBJECTIVES You will be able to
List at least 4 of the 7 signs of pregnancy
State how long a normal pregnancy is from the last menstrual period
State at what week before which a baby is born they would be considered premature
State at what week after which a baby is born they would be considered postmature
Define terms associated with pregnancy:
Point of viability, Placenta, Amniotic fluid and amniotic sac, Breech presentation, Cesarean Section (C-section), Embryo vs. fetus, Fontanelles
Differentiate what happens in each of the 3 stages of labor
Differentiate embryonic and fetal development during each of the trimesters of pregnancy

3. OBJECTIVES Teen Pregnancy
You will be able to:
State at least 3 risks for the mom associated with teen pregnancy
State at least 3 risks for the babies born to teen moms
State what the effects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy are to the embryo/fetus

4. SIGNS and SYMPTOMS OF PREGNANCY
Nausea and vomiting
Breast tenderness
Increase in urination
FATIGUE
Weight gain
Increase in vaginal discharge
Missed period

5. Length of Pregnancy 40 weeks from last menstrual period
38 weeks from fertilization
Premature if before 37 weeks
Postmature at 42 weeks
Point of viability:
At 24 weeks the chance of survival is about 50%, and after this the odds are in favor of survival without long-term complications
At 23 weeks, survival is only about 10% (and if the child lives it is more likely to be handicapped that not)

6. PREGNANCY TERMS
Placenta - Also known as afterbirth, the placenta is a circular, flat organ that resembles a pancake, which connects the unborn baby to the uterus for oxygen, nutrients and elimination of waste products.
Amniotic Fluid - the liquid surrounding the baby in the womb or, the "water" that breaks when a woman is ready to give birth.
Amniotic Sac - the sac that surrounds the baby inside the womb which contains the baby, the placenta and amniotic fluid

7. LET’S RECAP Name the early signs of pregnancy
How many weeks is considered the point of viability?
How many weeks for a full-term pregnancy from last menstrual period (LMP)?
Before what # of weeks is a baby premature?
After what # of weeks is a baby postmature?
What does a placenta do?
What is the amniotic sac?

8. PREGNANCY TERMS (CONT)
Umbilical Cord:
tissue that connects the placenta to the developing baby. It removes waste products and carbon dioxide from the baby and carries oxygen and nutrients from the mother through the placenta to the baby
Breech Presentation:
when the baby is abnormally positioned, where the bottom or legs come into the birth canal before the head.

9. PREGNANCY TERMS
Embryo - the fertilized ovum shortly after fertilization up until eight weeks gestation
All organ systems are formed by the end of the embryonic period
Fetus - an unborn baby after 8 weeks of development is called a fetus
Growth and maturity of organ systems
Full term is considered 40 weeks from the LAST MENSTRUAL PERIOD (38 weeks from conception)

10. PREGNANCY TERMS
Apgar score or scale - a rating given to a newborn at one & five minutes old, to assess color, heart rate, muscle tone, respiration and reflexes. Scores closest to 10 are the best.
Cesarean Section (or c-section) is delivery of the baby through an incision in the abdomen, rather than through the vagina

11. At birth, a baby has a fontanelle on the top and back of the head.
Fontanelles The "soft spots" on a baby's head where the skull has not fused together are called the fontanelles.
At birth, a baby has a fontanelle on the top and back of the head.
The back one closes quickly
the top one can take up to 2 years before it's completely hardened and closed

12. LET’S RECAP! What does the umbilical cord do?
What does it mean if a baby is breech?
When is the embryonic period and what is happening during that time?
When does the fetal period begin?
What are fontanelles?
What is an APGAR score?

13. STAGES OF LABOR
FIRST STAGE- onset of true labor contractions to complete dilation and thinning (effacement) of the cervix.
SECOND STAGE- from complete dilation and thinning of the cervix to the birth of the baby (the pushing stage).
THIRD STAGE- from the birth of the baby to the delivery of the placenta (afterbirth).

14. TRIMESTERS OF PREGNANCY
FIRST TRIMESTER: Week 1 – 12
The first trimester of pregnancy is the first three months after conception. During this period of time:
All organs begin to develop, so the embryo is most susceptible now – even in the time before the woman has missed a period -- to damage from infections and from alcohol, nicotine and other drugs.5
During month two, genitals begin to form and during month three, male and female fetuses begin to look different.
By the end of the first trimester, the fetus is almost three inches long (about as long as three quarters -- laid end to end) and weighs about an ounce (or as much as just one of those quarters).

15. 2ND TRIMESTER Weeks 13-27 Organs continue to mature.
The fetus grows much longer. By the end of the sixth month, it is 3⁄4 its birth length -- about 14 inches long, about as long as three cans of soda laid end to end. But it weighs just 1.7 pounds, less than 1⁄4 its full-term birth weight, about as much as just one can of soda.
By the end of this trimester, 6 months into the pregnancy, the fetus is unable to survive outside the uterus without extraordinary medical attention.

16. 3RD TRIMESTER
The last three months of the pregnancy until birth (weeks 28-40)
During this last trimester:
The fetus’s brain, nervous system and lungs continue maturing.
The fetus begins to open and close its eyes, suck its thumb, and respond to light and sound.
By the end of the third trimester, the fetus weighs, on average, 7.6 pounds.
A newborn smaller than 5.5 pounds is described as “low birth weight.”
One that’s over 8.8 pounds is considered “high birth weight.”
Being born very small or very large can mean more complications and health risks.

17. REMEMBER: Anything the mother consumes or inhales during pregnancy can have an effect on the developing embryo/fetus!! (alcohol, drugs, even OTC drugs)

18. Newborn Umbilical Cord

19. RECAP TIME! What happens during the FIRST STAGE OF LABOR?
SECOND STAGE OF LABOR?
THIRD STAGE OF LABOR?
What is occurring during the first trimester?
Second trimester?
Third trimester?

20. TEEN PREGNANCY
The Facts

21. STATISTICS (cont)
United States has the highest teen pregnancy rate of any industrialized country

22. Teen Birth Rates of U.S and Other Developed Countries

23. Teen birth rate dropped even further in 2012 to 14
Teen birth rate dropped even further in 2012 to 14.6 per 1,000 teen girls from a high of 38.6 in 1991

24. Why Decreasing Teen Birth Rate?
Statistics show teenage sex is down slightly
both boys and girls are having sex later in teens
more teens are using birth control if they are sexually active
Social norm change to using contraception at first sex
Increase in hormonal contraceptive use
Guidelines changed about types of contraception recommended for teens

25. STATISTICS (cont)
~733,000 teens became pregnant in 2008, with about 434,000 live births
(down from over 1,000,000 teen pregnancies in 1990)

26. STATISTICS (cont)
20%of teen pregnancies occur during the first month of sexual activity
50% of teen pregnancies occur during the first 6 months of having intercourse

27. STATISTICS (cont)
~85% of teen pregnancies are “unintended” pregnancies

28. RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH TEEN PREGNANCY
Teens are less likely to receive adequate prenatal care
More likely to have complications
The infant mortality rate is 50% higher than for women > 20
~9-10% of babies born to teens have low birth weight (<5.5 lbs)
Babies born to teens are more likely to be premature

29. RISKS (cont)
Children born to teen mothers are statistically at higher risk of:
Being raised in poverty
Being neglected
Having lower academic achievement
Having social & behavioral problems

30. RISKS (cont) 2/3 of teen mothers drop out of high school
80% of teen mothers need welfare support

31. COSTS (cont)
Costs the government up to $9,000,000,000 each year to help families that begin with a teenage birth

32. RECAP TIME
What has been the trend for rates of teen pregnancies and birth in the U.S.?
Name 3 risks/consequences for a teenager who becomes a parent
Name 3 risks/consequences for the baby born to a teen parent

33. WHY do so many teens have babies?
Pressure to have sex
Societal pressures and messages about sexuality
Lack of access to, knowledge about, or use of contraceptives
Don’t think it will happen to them
Want someone to love who
will love them back

34. % of teens who wish they had waited until they were older to have sex

35. Sexual Behaviors that Contribute to Unintended Pregnancy and STDs

36. Sharon High School YRBS