1. Chapter 9 Section 1 Development of American Political Parties

2. Political Party
Two-party system
Democratic Party History
Republican Party History
Third Parties
Populist Party
Progressives
Single-Issue Party
Ideological Parties
Independent Candidates
Multiparty Systems
Democrats
Republicans
Platform
Plank
National committee
National party Chairperson
Delegate
Caucus
Grassroots
Precinct
Ward
County chairperson
Political machine
Nomination
Direct primary
Closed primary
Open primary
Plurality
Runoff primary
Petition
Voter Registration
Electorate
Polling place
Ballot
Absentee ballot
Returns
Board of elections
Exit polls
Apathy
Electoral College
Types of elections
General Election
Issue Voting
Recall
Propaganda
Soft Money
Hard Money
Political Action Committee (PACs)
Incumbent
Public Opinion
Mass Media

3. Interest groups
Public opinion poll
Pollster
Types of Media
Public agenda
Leak
Prior restraint
Libel
Malice
Types of Interest Groups
Public interest group
Public Policy
Lobbyists
Endorsements
Stacked Cards
Name calling
Glittering generality
Symbols
Just plain folks
Bandwagon
Canvassing
Candidate
General election
Coalition
Patronage

4. Objectives
Examine how political parties formed throughout the United States
Differentiate between the two major political parties

5. The Two-Party System
Political party-an association of voters with broad, common interests who want to influence or control decision making in government by electing the party’s candidates to public office

6. Two-Party System cont.
During most of American history, there have been two major political parties.
This is why the U.S. is known as a two-party system (having two major political parties)
The Republican and Democratic Parties have been the two major parties for many years

7. Roots of the Two-Party System
In his farewell address of 1796, George Washington warned against the harmful effects of political party
He argued that the formation of political parties would divided the country

8. Roots of the Two-Party System
After George Washington was elected, Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton formed their own political parties

9. The Democratic Party Jefferson-called Democratic-Republicans
In 1828, under the leadership of Andrew Jackson, the party split and aligned with the Democratic Party
From , Hamilton’s group, the Federalist Party, faded away
In 1830, a new party, the Whigs (Nat’l Republicans) rose to compete with the newly named Democrats

10. The Republican Party
In 1854, a group of breakaway Democrats and Whigs, formed the Republican Party
This group broke away primarily because they were against slavery
The Republican Party replaced the Whig Party, which had lost most of its support over the issue of slavery
1860-Lincoln became the 1st Republican President

11. The Democratic Party cont.

12. Third Parties
Third parties-a party that challenges the two major political parties
No third party has ever won a presidential election, third parties rarely win other major elections
Also called minor parties
American Political Parties

13. Third Parties Cont. Populists Party 1890s
Included farmers and laborers
Wanted better working conditions
William Peffer became the party’s 1st U.S. Senator (Kansas-1890)

14. Third Parties Cont. Progressive 1912 Split from Republican Party
Led by Theodore Roosevelt, a former Republican President
Took away votes from the Republican Party, played “spoiler role”

15. Third Parties Cont. Single-Issue Parties
Formed to promote a social, economic, or moral issue
Single-issue parties usually don’t last long

16. Third Parties Cont. Ideological Parties
Focus on changing society in major ways
Examples: Socialists Labor Party, Communist Party USA, Libertarian Party, Green Party

17. Independent Candidates
Third Parties Cont.
Independent Candidates
Sometimes third parties form around individuals who cannot get support from one of the two major parties
1980 John Anderson lost Rep. Pres. Nomination so he created the Independent Party
Ross Perot ran under the Independent Party in 1992 and 1996

18. Other Party Systems Two-party systems are rare in other countries
Most democracies have multiparty systems
3 or more parties compete for control of the government
Canada has 3 major parties, Germany has 5, and Israel has more than 20
Canadian Political Parties

19. Other Party Systems cont.
In multiparty systems, one party rarely wins enough support to control the government so several parties often must work together, 3 or more parties compete for control
In a one-party system, the party and the government are nearly the same thing
Not democratic systems

20. Today’s Major Political Parties
A basic difference between the major political parties is their belief in how much the government should be involved in the lives of Americans

21. Today’s Major Political Parties cont.
Democrats
Tend to believe that the federal government should be more directly involved in regulating the economy and in providing housing, income, education and jobs for the poor

22. Today’s Major Political Parties cont.
Republicans
Tend to believe that if they help the nation’s economy grow, poor people will have a better chance of finding jobs and meeting their needs on their own.

23. Today’s Major Political Parties cont.
One way to find out how each political party feels, read their presidential nominee’s platform-a series of statements expressing the party’s principles, beliefs and positions in election issues
Each individual part of the platform is known as a plank

24. Organization of Political Parties

25. Organization of Political Parties
The two major parties are organized at the local, state and national levels
These levels are only loosely tied together
All the levels have roughly the same political beliefs, and they are united in their ultimate goal—to help the party win election to as many offices as possible

26. National Party Organization
National committee-made up of representatives from every state
Two major functions:
Raise $$$ for Presidential elections
Organize National Convention

27. National Party Chairperson
National party chairperson-elected by delegates
Jobs:
Manage the office
Direct committee staff
Lead fund raising efforts

28. National Conventions
A key job of the national committee is to hold the national convention every 4 years
At the convention, party delegates (a representative to a meeting):
Nominate candidates for president and vice president
Write party platform
Help direct party caucuses (meetings) of state/local party organizations (grassroots)

29. Democratic Presidential Candidate Donald Trump
Hillary Clinton
Democratic Presidential Candidate
Donald Trump
Republican Presidential Candidate

30. State and Local Organizations
50 state committees
Each committee goal is to help party candidates get elected in local AND state positions
Local party made up of city, towns and counties
Cities/counties divided into election districts called precincts (geographic area that contains a certain number of voters)
Several adjoining precincts make up a larger unit called wards

31. County Committees
Counties are the largest political unit within a state
Both major parties have county committees
County chairperson-runs the committee, often has a great deal of political power in the county

33. Political machines
Political machine-a strong party organization that can control political appointments and deliver votes
Ex.) Tammany Hall-ruled NYC in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Its leader, William “Boss” Tweed, and his friends got rich from bribes and kickbacks—extra payments—given by building contractors seeking to do business with the city. Eventually many members of the Tweed group ended up in prison

34. Role of Political Parties

35. Nominating Candidates
Political parties are the only organizations that select and offer candidates for public office through the nomination process

36. Primary Elections
Direct primaries-voters choose candidates to represent each party in a general elections
Closed primary-only the declared members of a party are allowed to vote for that party’s nominees
Open primary-no party preference needed to vote for party’s nominees

37. Primary Elections Plurality-the most votes among all those running
If no one candidate gets a majority (more than one half) of the votes a runoff primary (voting between the two top vote getters) is held

38. Independent Candidates
Candidates not affiliated with 1 of the 2 major political parties can get on the ballot for the general election in most states by petition

39. Other Party Roles Campaigning for candidates Informing Citizens
Helping Manage Government
Linking Different Levels of Government
Acting as a WATCH DOG

40. Who Can Vote?

42. Qualifying to Vote Voting is our civic responsibility
“Let us never forget that government is ourselves. The ultimate rulers of our democracy…are the voters of this country.” ~F.D. Roosevelt

43. Qualifying to Vote
The U.S. Constitution states that no state may deny the right to vote because of race, color, gender, or age—if the person is at least 18 years old.
People who have been convicted of serious crimes are the most common exception to the general rules
To be eligible to vote, you must be at least 18 years old, a resident of the state for a specified amount of time, and a citizen of the United States.
In most states, you must also be registered to vote.

44. Voter Registration
Voter registration-involves filling out some forms that asks for your name, address, age, and often your party preference
When you register for the first time, you must show proof of citizenship, address, and age
Electorate-all the people who are eligible to vote

45. Steps in Voting
On Election Day, voters go to the polling place in their precinct
Polling place-location where voting is carried out
Precinct-a voting district

46. At the Polls
Polling places are generally open from early morning until 7 or 8 p.m.
Ballot-the list of candidates on which you cast your vote
A challenger looks up your registration from and compares the signature on it with the signature on your application

47. Absentee Voting
Citizens who cannot get to the polls on Election Day can vote by absentee ballot

48. Counting the Vote
When the polls close, election workers count the votes at the polling place and take the ballots and the results (returns) to the election board
Board of elections-County agency charged with the responsibility for administering the elections

49. Counting the Vote
In a major election, the news media and party workers try to predict winners as soon as possible
Exit polls-ask a sample of voters leaving selected polling places how they voted

51. Why Some People Do Not Vote
Despite the fact that voting gives Americans a chance to participate in their government not everyone votes
Some citizens do not vote because they do not meet state voting requirements, or they have not registered after changing residences
Others do not think that any of the candidates represent their feelings on issues, or they think that their vote will not count
Another reason is apathy, or lack of interest

52. Election Campaigns

53. Types of Elections
The Electoral College is part of the process that Americans use to select their president
Americans also vote in many other elections for about half a million elected officials
They also have the opportunity to vote on issues, or topics of concern, as well as candidates

54. Types of Elections
Besides primary elections, there are three other types of elections in the US:
General Elections
Elections on Issues
Special Elections

55. General Elections Every election is a two-part process:
1st part is the nomination of candidates in a primary election
Primary races help to narrow the field of candidates
Then, in a general election, the voters cast ballots for candidates for various national, state, and local offices
General elections always take place on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November

56. Voting on Issues
In some elections at the state or local level, voters may decide on issues as well as candidates
The initiative is a way citizens can propose new laws or state constitutional amendments
Citizens who want a new law gather signatures of qualified voters on a petition.
If enough people sign the petition, the proposed law, or proposition, is put on the ballot at the next general election
The referendum is a way for citizens to approve or reject a state or local law

57. Special Elections
From time to time, state or local governments also hold certain kinds of special elections
Runoff elections are held when none of the candidates for a particular office wins a majority of the vote
A recall vote is where citizens in some states can vote to remove a public official from office

58. Paying for Election Campaigns

59. Running for Office
Americans spend more than $3 billion on national, state, and local elections every 4 year period
The purpose of campaigns is to convince the public to vote for a particular candidate

60. Campaigning Techniques
Canvassing—door-to-door campaigning
Endorsements—a famous or popular person supports or campaigns for a candidate
Propaganda-an attempt to promote a particular person or idea
Advertising and Image Molding—try to create the “right” image for a candidates

69. Financing a Campaign
Federal Election Campaign Finance Act of 1971 established the main rules for campaign finance today
Private Funding:
Soft money-donations given to political parties and not designated for a particular candidate’s election campaign
Hard money-money that is donated directly to the candidate

70. PAC and Campaign Finance Reform
Political Action Committee (PAC)-political organizations established by corporations, labor unions and other special-interest groups designed to support political candidates by contributing money
PAC’s give most of their soft money to incumbents
Incumbent-politicians who have already been elected to office

71. Public Opinion

72. Forming Public Opinion
Public opinion-ideas and attitudes that most people hold about elected officials, candidates, government and political issues
Public opinion helps shape the decisions of every president

73. Forming Public Opinion
The public opinion of American widely varies based on:
Personal background—age, gender, income, race, religion, occupation and place of residence play important roles in forming opinions
Mass media (television, radio, movies, newspapers, magazines, recordings, and books)—provides powerful images and political information that directly affect people’s attitudes

74. Forming Public Opinion cont.
Public officials—state their views in speeches, news conferences, television appearances, and newspaper and magazine articles in hopes of persuading people to support their positions
Interest groups-a group of people who share a point of view about an issue and unite to promote their beliefs

75. Components of Public Opinion
Direction—positive or negative opinions? support or oppose issues?
Intensity—how strong are Americans’ opinions?
Stability—how firmly do people hold their issues? Can you sway their opinion?

76. Measuring Public Opinion
Election results
Public opinion poll-ask individuals to answer questions in a survey
Pollster-a specialist whose job it is to conduct opinion polls regularly
Gallup-Poll

77. Measuring Public Opinion
Random Samples—usually question a group of people selected at random from all over the U.S.; usually made up of about 1500 people and include both men and women of all races, incomes, ages, and viewpoints.

78. Measuring Public Opinion
Some believe polling promotes democracy:
Polling allows officeholders to keep in touch with citizens’ changing ideas about issues
Critics of polling say:
It makes our elected officials more concerned with following the public rather than exercising political leadership

79. The Mass Media

80. Types of Media
In modern America, the mass media plays an important role in influencing politics and elected officials

81. Types of Media
Print media-consists of newspapers, magazines, newsletters and books
Electronic media-consists of radio, television, and the Internet

82. Types of Media
T.V. has become the most important medium for American politics at every level
More than 70% of adults read newspapers, spending an average of about 3 ½ hour a week on them
The Internet allows people to get their news and ideas whenever they wish

83. The Media’s Impact on Politics and Government
Public agenda-issues considered most significant by government leaders
The media has great influence on which problems governments consider important
If the media publicizes a problem, such as crime rate, the people begin to worry and government officials have to deal with that problem

84. Candidates and Elections
Media has made it possible for some people to run for office who have never previously been involved in politics…actors, comedians, musicians, etc.

85. Elected Officials
Journalists and politicians rely very heavily on one another for a successful relationship
Elected officials want the media to show them as hardworking and effective leaders
Leak-the release of secret government information by anonymous government officials to the media
Leaking information is part of political life. Many journalists go along with the practice because they benefit fro being able to report “inside” information

86. Watchdog Role
The mass media play the “watchdog” role over government activities—they are eager to expose government waste or corruption

87. Media and National Security
The government can control information the media reports by classifying information as secret and limiting press coverage of military actions

88. Protecting the Media
The 1st Amendment guarantees protection from censorship and protection from prior restraint
Prior restraint-government censorship of material before it is published
The media may not publish false information that may or may not harm someone’s reputation--libel

89. Protecting the Media
Unlike ordinary people, government officials rarely win libel suits
In New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964), the Supreme Court ruled that public officials must prove actual malice, or evil intent—meaning that the publisher either knew that the material was false or showed a reckless disregard of the truth

90. Interest Groups

91. Types on Interest Groups
Interest groups are groups of people who share a point of view and unite to promote their viewpoints
Interest groups are biased; they support a particular viewpoint
Impartial-considering all viewpoints equally
Citizens join or support inertest groups, also called special-interest groups, because they believe that by pooling their resources—time, money and skills—they can increase their chances of influencing the decision makers

92. Types of Interest Groups
Economic Interest Groups-try to influence government decisions on issues that affect their industry, like taxes, new safety regulations, or the rules for winning government contracts
Examples: U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Tobacco Institute, The American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL and CIO)
Other Interest Groups-organized to promote an ethnic group, age group, gender; another category covers those working for special causes
Examples: NAACP, National Organization for Women (NOW), American Association of Retired People (AARP), National Wildlife Federation

93. Public Interest Group
Public interest group-an organization that supports causes that affect the lives of Americans in general
Example: Common Cause-works to promote the common needs of all citizens

94. Influencing Government
Interest groups are an important part of our democratic process because their primary goals is to influence public policy
Public policy-the course of action the government takes in response to an issue or problem

95. Ways to Influence Government
Some groups use political resources to support certain candidates at election time
Many interest groups have formed political action committees to raise money in order to support some candidates and oppose others
Interest groups try to influence public policy by bringing cases to court

96. Ways to Influence Government cont.
Lobbying Lawmakers
Interest groups use lobbyists (representatives of interest groups who contact lawmakers or other government officials directly to influence their policy making)

97. Propaganda Techniques
Endorsements-having a famous person show public support for a candidate
Stacked cards-presenting only one side of the issue, often by distorting the facts

98. Propaganda Techniques
Name-calling-an attempt to turn people against an opponent or an idea by using an unpleasant label or description for that person or idea

99. Propaganda Techniques
Glittering generality-statement that sounds good but is essentially meaningless
Symbols-use symbols to appeal to the public

100. Propaganda Techniques
Just plain folks-to make people think that the candidate is just like them, with the same desires and concerns
Bandwagon-convincing people that everyone else agrees with the interest group's viewpoint or that everyone is going to vote for a certain candidate

101. Propaganda Techniques
Canvassing-going to door-to-door asking for votes

102. Missing Key Terms
Candidate-a person who seeks or is nominated for an elected office
General election-election in which everyone votes
Coalition-an alliance of people, factions, parties or nations
Patronage-act of appointing people to government or political positions

103. Presidential Commercials 2008 Elections Negative Ads in 2008 Election

104. “Quizlet”- you may use notes if taken.
Identify which item is which kind of propaganda and explain why.

105. 3. 4.