1. Economic Change
Economic locations

2. Lesson Objectives
To understand the factors affecting the location of primary, secondary and tertiary activities
To understand the reasons for the changes in location of economic activity over-time
To know the positive and negative impacts of rural-deindustrialisation (example the Eden Project in Cornwall)

3. What factors would need to be considered when establishing industry in a particular location?

4. Location factors:
Nearly every economic activity is found in a particular place for good reasons:
Labour supply
Accessibility
Raw materials
Distance to market
Government incentives
Power supply
1. Explain why each of these may be important.
2. Would certain factors be more important for different sectors of industry? Why?
Use page 161 of Tomorrow’s Geography for extra information

5. Primary industry: Factors
Main factor: Physical factor Availability of raw materials Economic factors Market and accessibility

6. The location of primary industry

7. Case study: China clay extraction in Cornwall
Kaolin, also called china clay, is a soft white clay that is an essential ingredient in the manufacture of porcelain and is widely used in the making of paper, rubber, paint, and many other products. Factors which explain its location Kaolin only found in the south-west of England. Demand for kaolin for the production of porcelain from the 19th century. Pottery manufacturer Josiah Wedgwood based in Stoke-on-Trent provided the market for kaolin Way of transporting the raw material to the factory where it was made into the finished product. Raw material transported via tramway to ports on the south coast of Cornwall Ships took raw material to Liverpool Transport by barge along the Trent and Mersey Canal to Winsford in Cheshire Last 30 miles to Stoke-on-Trent by packhorse Nowadays 80 per cent of the China clay extracted is used by the paper industry 12 per cent by the ceramic industry The rest in products such as toothpaste and paint.
Explain the factors that have led to the growth of a primary industry that you have studied. (6)

8. Explain the factors that have led to the growth of a primary industry that you have studied. (6)
China clay extraction became an important primary industry in the area surrounding St Austell in Cornwall. Growth in this industry really took off during the 19th century; by the 1850s 65,000 tonnes of china clay were being mined in the area every year and 7,000 people were employed.
The main factor that led to the growth of this industry was the discovery of china clay in the area – it was discovered by William Cookworthy in The reason that Cookworthy was so keen to locate this material is that there was demand for the material in the porcelain industry. Josiah Wedgewood’s factory in Stoke on Trent was keen to use the material to produce pottery goods. Another factor that enabled the china clay industry to be successful in this area was the availability of transport links to move the clay from Cornwall to Stoke on Trent (in the Midlands). In the early days of the industry the clay was moved by tramway to the coast, it was transported by ship to Liverpool and then was moved to the Midlands via canal.

9. Location of a primary industry – China Clay, Cornwall
THE GROWTH OF CHINA CLAY EXTRACTION – CORNWALL, ENGLAND
China clay, also called kaolin, had been mined in Cornwall for 250 years. 
A man called William Cookworthy had noticed the fine porcelain that had come to Europe from China and decided that he had spotted a gap in the market.  He began to search for a material that resembled the kaolin used in China to make the porcelain and in 1745, at Tregonning Hill (near St Austell, Cornwall), he found it - a type of decomposed granite which was like a fine talcum powder in texture. 
By 1768 he had worked out how to turn it into porcelain and by the start of the 19th Century it was big business. 
By the mid 19th Century, tonnes of china clay were being mined in the St Austell area every year, much of it for export.  Seven thousand people were employed. 
The hamlet of West Polmear, a tiny place of just nine people, grew to a population of three thousand as a result of the jobs in the area.
There was an environmental impact, however.  Every tonne of china clay mined created five tonnes of waste, which was piled up and nicknamed the Cornish Alps.  By 1910, one million tonnes of china clay was mined, 75% for export, so you can see how fast the industry had grown. 
P161 Tomorrow’s Geography
Explain the factors that have led to the growth of a primary industry that you have studied. (6)

10. THE DECLINE OF PRIMARY INDUSTRY – CHINA CLAY EXTRACTION, CORNWALL
DEINDUSTRIALIATION CAUSED BY:
In 1999, the company mining the deposits was taken over by a French company called Imerys, which has moved most of its production to Brazil where its costs are lower and its profits are higher. 
Most of the Cornish china clay pits are now idle and the total number of people employed is about a thousand, a fraction of what it had been.  (In 1974, it had been estimated at about 6000 workers.)  The former workers were left unemployed.
Explain how the factors affecting the location of industry can change over time. (3)

11. Regenerating the area post deindustrialisation
The Eden Project, a Landmark Millennium project, has transformed a 160 year old pit into a tourist attraction, packed full of exotic plants arranged in biomes to recreate their normal climate.  It opened in March 2001 and had received its 10 millionth visitor by 2008.  Not only did the pit provide the land and the setting, Imerys provided the sand that was dug into the soil to improve its drainage.  Since its opening, the Eden Project has hosted events such as pop concerts, popular with locals and visitors alike, a positive social impact
Other leisure attractions making good use of the Cornish china clay landscape are the Clay Trails, a series of bike paths established in 2005. These are also popular with dog walkers and horse riders.  These improvements to the landscape would be classified as positive environmental impacts.
Explain how the factors affecting the location of industry can change over time. (3)

13. Why did Toyota locate at Burnaston, Derbyshire
Secondary Industry

14. Using evidence from both sources explain why this would be a good location for secondary industry (4)

15. Things you could mention
Large amount of f land (shown by field and lack of contour lines)
Good accessibility (the A50 runs past the site)
2km from nearest settlement (Etwall)

16. Toyota at Burnaston

18. Why did Toyota locate at Burnaston, near Derby?
1- Accessibility Excellent transport routes. On the junction of two main trunk roads. This allows easy transportation of parts and the finished product throughout the UK 2- Incentives Derbyshire County Council offered to buy a £20 million stake in the company. It also pledged to improve the transport infrastructure. 3- Room for expansion Location on the edge of the city. Greenfield site (an area on the edge of the city, which has never been developed in any way) with ample room for expansion. Large area of land: 280 hectares 4- Suppliers of component parts The area has a tradition in car manufacturing. There are many suppliers of component parts and engineering components 5- Attractive location for managerial workers Attractive village location such as Findern for managerial workers. The Peak District National Park, which is closed by, has many opportunities for leisure activities. C-Location of tertiary industry Less dependent on geographical factors. Given good transport, energy and communications, tertiary companies can locate anywhere.

19. Location of secondary industry
Example of a 6 mark question…. Explain the reasons for the location of an activity in the secondary sector. (6) P162 Tomorrow’s Geography

20. Explain the reasons for the location of an activity in the secondary sector. (6)
Toyota have established a car manufacturing plant at Burnaston, Derbyshire in the Midlands of England. They chose the location because there was a large, flat, undeveloped greenfield site that was available for development – there was also room for further expansion. The site was located next to the A38 and the M1 meaning that it was very accessible e.g. to move materials and people in and to move finished products out. Due to recent redundancies in the nearby Rolls Royce factory, there were plenty of skilled people available for work.

25. GIS revision
How may planners use GIS to decide on the location the location of a shopping centre?

26. The tertiary sector

27. The location of Memorial Mall, Houston

28. Why is shopping moving to the suburbs?
Skill: annotate this image to explain why memorial has located in the suburbs

29. Excellent transport links- I10
Away from city centre so more land available for cheaper parking and bigger stores
Near wealthy residential areas in the West of Houston such as Memorial and Lakes and Eldridge

30. Case Study: The location of retail- i.e. Memorial, Houston
Explain the factors that affect the location of tertiary industry. Use an example in your answer. (6) P163 Tomorrow’s Geography

31. Explain the factors that affect the location of tertiary industry
Explain the factors that affect the location of tertiary industry. Use an example in your answer. (6) Memorial shopping Mall is part of the retail industry. It is located in an suburban area of Houston, Texas. It is a very large mall with ? square feet of space; a location within the suburbs was therefore appropriate as land is cheaper than in the CBD. An important consideration for the retail industry is accessibility for customers and deliveries of merchandise. The mall is located just off the I10 – a major arterial route of the e city; this enables large numbers of people to reach the mall easily. It is an upscale mall and so it is located in the west of the city; this is a wealthier area of the city and so customers have ample disposable income to spend. The location of the mall in the suburbs means that there are many people living in residential areas surrounding the mall providing both workers and customers. The area surrounding the Memorial is multi-use; there are many offices in the area increasing the consumer base still further.

32. Explain how the factors affecting the location of industry can change over time. (3)

33. Factors that lead to changes in location of industry over time.
Whilst China Clay production in the British county of Cornwall is still an important industry, many of the pits have seen closure. In 1999, the company mining the deposits was taken over by a French company called Imerys, which has moved most of its production to Brazil where its costs are lower and its profits are higher.
The location of power plants in Britain has changed as the country has moved from producing most of its energy from burning coal to burning oil or natural gas. Power-stations used to be close to coal-fields, however, location has changed to nearer the coast. Most oil is extracted from the North Sea so it makes sense to have the location of powerplants near to the coast.
Since the 1970s Britain has seen a massive decline in the secondary sector and an increase in the tertiary sector. Heavy manufacturing industries were once located close to raw materials and ports for import and export. Today, much tertiary industry is located in the south-east of England where it is close to the capital city which is a prestigious location and is close to markets in mainland Europe.

36. What is high-tech industry?
High-technology industry involves a highly-skilled workforce and its products require a high proportion of research and development.
High-technology industry is relatively footloose since access to raw materials is not very important. The ‘raw materials’ that are required are usually lightweight electronic components.

37. Examples of high-tech industry

38. Research and development
Labour
Environment
Research and development
Factors attracting
high tech industry
Access
Reputation
Government policies

39. Match these statements to the location factors attracting hi-tech industries
Near to, and links with, a top class university
Place of
high-tech excellence
Supply of highly
qualified and
adaptable labour
Availability of good transport networks, raw materials, services and markets
Attractive
location in which
to live and work
National and local governments
encourage
investment and
enterprise

40. High-tech industry on the M4 corridor
Hotspot areas: Bristol, Cotswolds, Swindon, Aldermaston and Heathrow Airport

41. Examination question
High-tech companies locate along the M4 corridor; for example, Vodaphone has its head office in Newbury. Although they are relatively footloose as they do not need large amounts of raw materials, they still favour certain locations – easy access for the workforce, components and finished products are required. The M4 provides a direct route to Heathrow Airport and also links easily to the M5. There is also an intercity rail link from London to South Wales. They require a highly-skilled workforce and like to share ideas and knowledge. Therefore they locate near universities such as Reading or Bristol. An attractive environment such as is offered by the nearby Cotswolds is also an advantage.

44. Explain how the factors affecting the location of industry can change over time. (3)

45. Factors that lead to changes in location of industry over time.
Whilst China Clay production in the British county of Cornwall is still an important industry, many of the pits have seen closure. In 1999, the company mining the deposits was taken over by a French company called Imerys, which has moved most of its production to Brazil where its costs are lower and its profits are higher.
The location of power plants in Britain has changed as the country has moved from producing most of its energy from burning coal to burning oil or natural gas. Power-stations used to be close to coal-fields, however, location has changed to nearer the coast. Most oil is extracted from the North Sea so it makes sense to have the location of powerplants near to the coast.
Since the 1970s Britain has seen a massive decline in the secondary sector and an increase in the tertiary sector. Heavy manufacturing industries were once located close to raw materials and ports for import and export. Today, much tertiary industry is located in the south-east of England where it is close to the capital city which is a prestigious location and is close to markets in mainland Europe.

46. Plenary
This exercise can be used to develop understanding of industrial location factors. Individuals or groups could decide on the best location for each industry and then this could lead to a class discussion: Do all groups have the same answers? If not, why not? What location factors are important for each industry? Which are the ‘best’ sites for each industry and why?
More detail on the location of the steel industry and high-tech industry can be found in the separate presentations.