1. Welcome

2. Subject :- Breathing apparatus Topic :- Importance of Breathing apparatus as a personal protective equipment
NAME :- ABHILASH K.R. ROLL NO. : TH STATION OFFICERS & INSTRUCTORS COURSE, NATIONAL FIRE SERVICE COLLEGE NAGPUR

3. Aim Definition and use of Breathing apparatus Respiration
Routes of entry of toxic substances in to human body
Conditions that require respiratory protection
Ill effects of toxic environment to human body
Donning procedure of Breathing apparatus

4. DEFINITION
Breathing apparatus is one of the most important personal protective equipment used by the fire and rescue services personals all over the world.
It can be defined as the device which supplies breathable air or oxygen to the wearer as per his requirement irrespective of the atmosphere.

5. USES Used in fire incidents to carry out operations such as
Offensive fire attack
Removal of the victims
Search and rescue
Ventilation
Overhaul

6. Used in non fire incidents such as
Around hazardous materials in conjunction with full body protective suit
Confined space rescue
Under water rescue (SCUBA)

7. RESPIRATION
Breathing or respiration is a spontaneous action by which human beings consumes oxygen which includes the dual process of inhalation in which oxygen is taken in and exhalation in which carbondioxide is discharged out.

8. Composition of AIR Inhaled and Exhaled
GAS
INHALED
EXHALED
Nitrogen
79.04%
Oxygen
20.93%
16.93%
Carbon dioxide
0.03%
4.03%
This shows that the same concentration of oxygen is absorbed and the same concentration of carbondioxide is discharged in each breathing which is about 4%

9. RESPIRATION TYPES EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
Here the oxygen in the inhaled air enters the blood and carbondioxide in the blood leaves the lung. This takes place at the lung interphase.
INTERNAL RESPIRATION
This takes place at the cell interphase. Here the oxygen from the blood is received by the individual cells and in turn the carbondioxide waste products are picked up by the blood.

10. CHART OF BREATHING DETAILS
The rate of consumption of oxygen or air and the rate of respiration depend upon the degree of exertion of the human body as follows
Degree of exertion
Number of respiration/ minute
Air consumed in litre/minute
Rest in bed 15
7.5
Rest in standing 17
10.5
Walking
20-25
12.5
Running 30 20
Moderate walking 60
Heavy working 80 40
The table shows that as the degree of exertion increases the rate of breathing and also the air consumed increases

11. PARTS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
UPPER RESPIATORY TRACT
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea

12. LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT
Bronchi
Bronchioli
Alveoli

13. RESPIRATORY TRACT POISONS
Human respiratory tract poisons are classified based on their effect on the respiratory system
UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT POISONS
SUBSTANCE
EFFECT
Sulphur dioxide
Irritation
Hydrogen chloride
In the
Hydrogen bromide
Respiratory
Nitrogen dioxide
Tract

14. LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT POISONS
SUBSTANCE
EFFECT
Hydrogen cyanide
Inhibit cellular oxidation
Hydrogen sulphide
Paralyses respiratory centre
Chlorine
Produces toxic substances in the lungs
Phosgene Do

15. ROUTES OF EXPOSURE OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES
The four primary routes of exposure of toxic substances in to the human body are.
Respiratory
Absorption
Ingestion
Injection

16. RESPIRATORY
Absorption through respiratory tract via inhalation

17. ABSORPTION
Absorption through the skin via dermal contact

18. INGESTION
Absorption through digestive tract via ingestion

19. INJECTION
Introducing the material directly in to the blood stream

20. Point to note
The route that most commonly causes health hazard is the respiratory system and this takes place through the inhalation of toxic substances. The respiratory system of the human body is most vulnerable to injury especially from the toxic conditions encountered during fire fighting operations. Hence it might be protected.

21. CoNDITIONS THAT REQUIRE RESPIRATARY PROTECTION
The four conditions that are found commonly at a fire or other emergency incidents that require respiratory protection are
OXYGEN DEFICIENCY 
ELEVATED TEMPARATURE
SMOKE OR UNBURNT PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION
TOXIC ENVIRONMENT

22. OXYGEN DEFICIENT ATMOSPHERE
Fire consumes oxygen and produces toxic gases that may displace or dilute the available oxygen.
When the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere falls below 19.5% it is known as oxygen deficient atmosphere.
Decreased oxygen causes mascular impairment mental confusion and death.

23. EFFECTS OF HYPOXIA OXYGEN CONCENTRATION SYMPTOMS 21% Normal 19.5%
OSHA definition of Oxygen deficiency
17%
Increased respiratory Rate, muscular Impairment
12%
Dizziness, headache and rapid fatigue 9%
unconsciousness
7% - 6%
Death with in a few Minutes

24. ELEVATED TEMPARATURE
The respiratory system of the human body is extremly delicate and sensitive to elevated temperature.
Inhalation of heated gases may cause accumulation of fluid in the lungs leading to a condition known as pulmonary edema and may cause death due to asphyxiation.
The damage caused by heated air or gas is long term and is not reversible by treatment of fresh cool air.

25. SMOKE
Smoke is a combination of unburnt products of combustion, carbon particles, tar and associated gases.
Inhalation of these products make breathing difficulty, coughing, burning sensation in the chest and throat and irritation in the eyes and respiratory tract.
Smoke also reduces the visibility.

26. TOXIC ENVIRONMENT
Combustion produces toxic gases and irritants that affect the fire fighters working in hazardous environment and cause short term and long term effect
GAS
TOXOLOGICAL
EFFECT
PRODUCED BY
CONCENTRTION INPPM(IDLH)
Carbondioxide
Displace oxygen
Free burning
40000
Carbon monoxide
Incomplete combustion
Hydrogen cyanide
Chemical asphyxiant
Wool,Silk,Nylon, Polyurethane 50
Hydrogen chloride
Respiratory irritant
Pvc, Building materials, Furnishings
Nitrogen dioxide
Pulmonary irritant
Small quantity from fabric
Large quantity from cellulose nitrate 20
Phosgene
Poison
Burning refrigerants 25

27. CARBON MONOXIDE
It is one of the most important lethal gases found in a fire.
It is a colourless odourless gas produced during the incomplete combustion or in areas of poor ventilation.

28. ACTION OF CARBONMONOXIDE
In the human body oxygen in the blood is bound to haemoglobin which is contained in the red blood cells.
When carbonmonoxide is inhaled it combines itself with the haemoglobin of the red blood cells to form carboxyhaemoglobin and there by prevent oxygen being combining with red blood cells which leads to hypoxia followed by death.
Carbon monoxide combines with haemoglobin about 218 times easier than oxygen.

29. SYMPTOMS OF CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING
CONCENTRATION IN PPM (IDLH)
Mild headache
1000
Headache,Nausea
1300
Unconsciousness after one hour
1500
Ten minute exposure Dizziness, Nausea
3200
Fatal less than one hour exposure
4000
Danger of death one to three minutes
10000

30. CONCLUSION
The above mentioned conditions can be found separately or combined in a fire incident. Therefore to avoid breathing from such hostile environment fire fighters should be provided with a device known as BREATHING APPARARATUS.

31. DONNING PROCEDURE
Two methods
The overhead method
The coat method

32. Over the head method B) General check up
A) Place the apparatus before the wearer with cylinder valve pointing towards the wearer.
B) General check up

33. D : Lift the back plate/cylinder
C : Grasp the back plate with both hands. Harness straps should be outside of your hands.
D : Lift the back plate/cylinder
E : Balance the unit on your back by leaning forward, and tighten

34. Coat method

35. Thank you