1. Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineers are scientists who can change the genetic code of an organism…
With the help of ENZYMES & Special Equipment
OR… Your neighborhood farmer/breeder
With the help of Mother Nature!

2. Several Different Types
Selective Breeding
Inbreeding (Remember the Royal Family?)
Hybridization (Hybrid = 2 different “things”)
Recombinant DNA
Transgenic Organisms
Gene Therapy
Replace or repair incorrect DNA
Gel Electrophoresis (DNA Fingerprinting)

3. Selective Breeding
Allowing only those organisms with desired traits to produce the next generation
Remember Mendel???
People have been using selective breeding for 1000’s of years!

4. Honestly….
How many different types of tomatoes do you think actually grow NATURALLY?
NOT as many as they offer at the local grocery store!

5. Let’s Talk Potatoes Luther Burbank – Father of Genetic Engineering
Remember the Irish Potato Famine?

6. Potatoes and Immigration????
Between 1845 and 1855 more than 1.5 million adults and children left Ireland to seek refuge in America
Ireland's Great Potato Famine of 1845 is seen by some as a turning point in Ireland’s history - Global Regents Question!
It impacted the history of America as well as Ireland

7. Father of Genetic Engineering
Luther Burbank identified the “blight” that infected the entire Irish potato crop
Remember, the potatoes of Ireland were CLONES of each other… one disease wiped out the entire crop in all of Ireland!
Burbank created the first disease resistant potato
Now there are over 800 varieties!

8. Inbreeding -- A type of Selective Breeding
The continued crossing of organisms with similar traits (often closely related) NOT A HEALTHY THING TO DO!
This can cause all of the recessive genes to produce traits which may not be wanted/needed... including diseases!
Remember the Royal Family & Hemophilia?

9. Remember the Royals…
Inbreeding brings out OBVIOUS traits (like the protruding chins above!) as well as hidden (recessive) traits (like Hemophilia and Porphyria!)

10. Inbreeding

11. Can bring out the worst….

12. Hybridization (Making Hybrids)
Crossing two different organisms to get the best traits from both
Remember? What is a hybrid car?
How about PLUOTS?
A cross between plums and apricots???

13. Hybridization How about Labra-doodles? Or Cockapoos? Or Ligers?
Or Pineberry?

14. Biotechnology Genes can be changed through genetic engineering
Scientists can insert genes into any cell’s DNA!
“Recombining” the DNA
Called “Recombinant DNA”
The cell will read the instructions and make the protein
The cell will also pass the new instructions on to its offspring

15. How do we do it today? Gene Modification
Changing (modifying) an organism's genes

16. Gene Therapy
Gene therapy is a technique that uses genes to treat disease
Allows doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient’s cells instead of using drugs or surgery
Replaces a mutated gene with a healthy copy of the gene

17. Different types of Gene Therapy
Ashanthi

18. Cell Augmentation

19. In Vitro (“Germ” line therapy) (After the Karyotype reveals a disorder)

20. More Genetic Engineering
DNA Extraction
Opening the Nucleus to expose and remove the DNA
Cutting DNA
Restriction Enzymes (act like scissors)
Separating DNA
Gel Electrophoresis
Inserting Genes
Gene Splicing (Again, using Enzymes!)

21. We do it ALL THE TIME!
Today, we use bacteria to produce hormones we need…

22. Why Bacteria? Bacteria are Prokaryotes (NO Nucleus)
DNA is in cytoplasm
Plasmids are small circular Extra DNA…
We use Plasmids because they are small and easy to manipulate (Called “Vectors”)
Plus, Bacteria replicate quickly!

23. Plasmids
We insert specific genes into the bacterial plasmid… and then, the bacteria makes the hormones we need…
INSULIN

24. Recombinant DNA This is called Recombinant DNA
Combining the DNA of one organism with the DNA of another organism
Making a Hybrid!
We use Restriction Enzymes to cut the DNA and genes
The act like scissors

25. Recombinant Bacteria Remove bacterial DNA (plasmid)
Cut the Bacterial DNA with restriction enzymes
Cut the DNA from another organism with other restriction enzymes
“restriction enzymes”.
Insert the cut pieces of
DNA together put the plasmid back into bacteria
The recombinant bacteria reproduces
The foreign genes will be expressed in the bacteria

26. Benefits of Recombinant Bacteria
Bacteria can make human insulin or human growth hormone. (HUMAN!!!!) Bacteria can be engineered to “eat” oil spills.

27. BP Oil Spill…
BP Underwater Footage

28. Oil Eating Bacteria

29. The DNA of both plants and animals can be changed!
Disease-resistant and insect-resistant crops
Hardier, larger fruit
70-75% of food in supermarket is genetically modified (GMO)…
But we don’t know it!

30. Genetically Modified Organism
Plants
Genetically Modified Organism

32. Genetically modified organisms are also called Transgenic Organisms
A combination of two different DNAs
TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
Mice – used to study human systems/medicines
Chickens – more resistant to infections
Cows – increased milk supply and leaner meat
Goats, sheep and pigs – produce human proteins in their milk

33. Transgenic Goat
This goat contains a human gene that codes for a blood clotting agent. The blood clotting agent can be harvested in the goat’s milk.
What disorder would this blood clotting agent be used for?
________________________ .
Human DNA in a Goat Cell

34. Bacteria in Vats…

35. Altering “Animal Organs”
Pig hearts and heart valves have been genetically altered and used to save people with heart disease

36. Cloning Cloned mice are used to study various human diseases
We’ll discuss cloning later

37. Genetic Engineering and Crime Scenes……

38. CSI is correct…. Kind of…

39. If it was alive… it had cells…
If the specimen has cells, it has DNA!
If it has DNA, it can be “fingerprinted”!
Every person’s DNA has a specific “Fingerprint” (Banding Pattern)

40. Gel Electrophoresis A Separation Technique
This technology allows scientists to identify someone’s DNA!

41. Gel Electrophoresis A separation technique
You’ve learned about a couple… remember Chromatography & leaf pigments???
Gel Electrophoresis uses electricity
Separates based on size!
HA! Again!
Size (and shape) are SOOOOO important!

42. Gel, Electricity, DNA & Restriction Enzymes

43. Steps Involved in Gel Electrophoresis
“Cut” DNA sample with restriction enzymes DNA fragments “run” through a gel using electricity Bands will form in the gel Everyone’s DNA bands are unique – like a fingerprint - and can be used to identify a person.
DNA bands are like “genetic fingerprints”

44. Crime scenes rely on DNA evidence
This is DNA Fingerprinting

45. DNA Fingerprinting
Used for criminal and paternity cases…
Which suspect is linked to the crime scene by DNA Fingerprinting?
A, B, C or D?

46. DNA Fingerprinting - Criminal

47. DNA Fingerprinting-Paternity