1. Immigration and Education by Suet-ling Pong
A Syrian immigrant community in Manhattan (1890s)

2. Major Migration Patterns in the Early 1990s

3. Immigration to the US (1900-2000)
Eastern European gypsies in New York

4. Naturalization

5. Naturalization Rates (1992)
Immigrants become US citizens at Ellis Island (1991)

6. A Rising Share of Students

7. Generations First Generation Second Generation Third+ Generation
foreign-born
Second Generation
U.S. born, with foreign-born parents
Third+ Generation
U.S. born, with native parents
1.5 Generation
foreign-born, arrived at age <6

8. Foreign-Born Student’s Country/Region

9. Characteristics of Immigrant School Children?
They are poor
They live in ethnic enclaves and attend resource-poor schools
They do not speak English
They perform poorly in school and their dropout rate is high

10. Sharp Poverty Increases among Immigrant Children
44%
33%
17%
12%

11. Percentage of Children in Metropolitan Area and Central City
83%
81%
61%
58%

12. Nearly 3/4 of all Immigrant Children are found in 6 states

13. Speak a Language Other than English at Home
75%
60% 3%

14. Theodore Roosevelt
“We have room but for one language here, and that is the English language; for we intend to see that the crucible turns our people out as Americans, and not as dwellers of a polyglot boarding house.”

15. Speak a Language Other than English at Home
75%
60% 3%

16. LEP students

17. LEP Students are Concentrated in Linguistically Segregated Schools

18. Characteristics of Immigrant School Children
Many are poor
Many live in ethnic enclaves and attend resource-poor schools
Many do not speak English
What is their school performance?

19. Latino Immigrant youth (Conchas)
Low-income, US-born Latino students
Baldwin High School
School programs:
Advanced Placement Program
Graphics Academy
Medical Academy
General
Is there a connection between ethnic perceptions and school opportunity structures?

20. Hmong refugees (Lee)
University Heights High School (public) in Wisconsin
Compare 1.5 and 2nd generations
Two groups:
ESL students (newcomers)
Americanized students (engaged in redefining what it means to be Hmong in America)
Are Hmong “model minorities”? What explains their academic success / failure?

21. What helps Immigrant Students?
Strong family
Zhou & Bankston’s study of Vietnamese youth
Effective Schools
no segregation of LEP students
ESL, Bilingual programs
programs that promote good ethnic relations
communicate high expectation

22. Types of Minorities (J. Ogbu)
Autonomous minorities
Jews, Mormons
Voluntary / Immigrant minorities
Chinese, Cubans, Japanese, Koreans, Filipinos
Involuntary / Caste-like minorities
Black Americans, Native Hawaiians, American Indians, Mexican Americans

23. Types of Minorities (cont.)
Autonomous minorities
cultural reference encourages education
Voluntary / Immigrant minorities
dual framework of reference
accommodation without assimilation
Involuntary / Caste-like minorities
through slavery, conquest, colonization
two opposing cultural framework of reference
social and psychological pressures discourage academic success