1. Raphael Cohen-Almagor
Taking Hate Seriously: The Scope and the Challenge of Hate Speech on the Internet
Raphael Cohen-Almagor

2. Lecture Plan Introduction: Definition, Line-drawing The Harm in Hate
Boundaries
Hate crimes
Remedies and Practical proposals

3. Argument
Socially responsible people should not stand idly by while others are abusing freedom of expression to discriminate and victimized their targets for hate.

4. Definition
Hate speech is defined as a bias-motivated, hostile, malicious speech aimed at a person or a group of people because of some of their actual or perceived innate characteristics.
It expresses discriminatory, intimidating, disapproving, antagonistic and/or prejudicial attitudes toward those characteristics which include sex, race, religion, ethnicity, colour, national origin, disability, or sexual orientation.

5. Aim of Hate Speech
Hate speech is aimed to injure, dehumanize, harass, intimidate, debase, degrade, and victimize the targeted groups, and to foment insensitivity and brutality against them.

6. Line Drawing
The line-drawing of what constitutes hate is not always simple.
Statements that assert “Jews are money hungry,” “gays are immoral,” “abortionists are murderers,” “Israel is an apartheid state,” “niggers return to Africa,” and calls to boycott Israel are all unpleasant yet legitimate speech.
On the other hand, calls that incite violence against target groups fall under the definition of incitement.

7. Shutting Down Websites Jouhari v. Wilson
US Dept. of Housing & Urban Development, Jouhari and Pilar Horton v. Ryan Wilson and ALPHA HQ, July 19, 2000

8. Jouhari
Next to Jouhari’s picture, the ALPHA HQ website stated, "Traitors like this should beware, for in our day, they will hung from the neck from the nearest tree or lamp post.“
The website referred to Jouhari's daughter as "mongrel," listed various types of guns, information where to obtain various weapons, and provided a bomb recipe under the picture of Jouhari's office.

9. Jouhari
Wilson was charged by the Pennsylvania Commonwealth's Attorney General with threats, harassment, and ethnic intimidation.
The site was removed from the Internet, and the court issued an injunction against the defendant and his organization barring them from displaying certain messages on the Internet.

10. practical test speech mannerן content Speaker’s intentions
circumstances
speech

11. Line Drawing
Hate speech is fuzzier than incitement and concretely more damaging than advocacy.
Hate speech creates a virulent atmosphere of “double victimization”: The speakers are under attack/misunderstood/marginalized/delegitimized by powerful forces (governments, conspiratorial organizations); the answer to their problem is the victimization of the target group.
Their victimization is the speakers’ salvation.

12. Relevant Factors
History
Culture
Morality
Law

13. Racism
Thousands of racist and hateful sites

14. Video Games
“Ethnic Cleansing”, players kill black and Hispanics in order to gain access to the subway where the Jews are hiding
“Border patrol” in which you get points for shooting down immigrants trying to cross the border
“Shoot The Blacks”: “Blast away the darkies as they appear. An excellent little shooter style game”. 
“Nazi Wolf 3D”
“Zog's Nightmare”
“KZ Manager Millenium”

15. Home Schooling
“Derek. I am fifteen years old… I used to be in public school, it is a shame how many White minds are wasted in that system. I am now in home school. I am no longer attacked by gangs of non-whites and I spend most of my day learning, instead of tutoring the slowest kids in my class. In addition to my schoolwork, I am also learning pride in myself, my family and my people”

16. Stormfront
The story of hate on the World Wide Web began on January 11, 1995 when Don Black established his Stormfront site.
Black said: “The Internet is that opportunity we’ve been looking for … We never were able to reach the audience that we can now so easily and inexpensively”.
By 1997, Black’s site became home to the Web pages of other extremists, such as Aryan Nations.
Martinlutherking.org.

17. Religion Many of the hate sites are very religious in nature.
Religion is perceived as the rock around which life should be organized.
Religion provides the answer, indeed the only answer. The argument is that we have little choice in making decisions as everything has already been decided for us by God.
It is far better to trust the consistent and enlightened almighty who knows all than to trust reason of fallible humans.

18. Targets The Afro-Americans are depicted as the enemy.
They are brutal, primitive, biologically inferior whose presence represents a corrosive element for the whole American society.
In Africa, they were eating one another.
They bring their jungle culture to America.
They are referred to as niggers, “mud people,” source of social pollution and cultural decadence which clashes with the ethnic, civil and economic superiority of the whites.

19. Targets
Some of the anti-Black sites are also anti-immigration (especially Latino), and anti-Muslim.
Minorities endanger the position of whites in the United States.
They increase their numbers by tempting white women.
Interracial marriage is one of the ideas, arguably the idea that most upsets racists on the Internet and is likely to drive them too advocate anti-Black hate crime.

20. Targets A second hated group on the Net is the homosexuals.
They are portrayed as seeking to sexually trap young white males.
Gay behaviour is as contradictory to nature, perverted, sinful, morally abominable, threatens to undermine the religious values of the white community.
Homosexuals do not reproduce and thus threaten the survival of their own race.
They spread contagious and deadly diseases and are no less than angles of death.
They should be hunted down in the same way witches were once hunted in Europe.

21. Targets The third most hated group is the conspirators, i.e. the Jews.
The Jews are situated in power positions in society.
The Jews are united by a secret pact to set in motion a global conspiracy to rule the world.
The Jews lie in order to achieve this aim and are successful in brainwashing the minds of Christian-Americans. They control the academia, the media, the banks, MTV, the feminists.
There are sites to educate you how Jews look like, their power, how they control America and the world (ZOG=Zionist Occupied Government.

22. Targets The fourth most hated group are Muslims.
In the US in 2014, anti-Muslim hate crimes represented 16.3% of 1,092 reported offenses motivated by religious bias.
Anti-Semitism still led the way as a motive for these crimes, at 58.2 percent.
Before the 2015 Paris attacks, 60% of Americans took a positive view of the Syrian refugees, asking how they could “help,” “volunteer” or “aid.”
The other 40% were negative, mostly expressed skepticism about security.
After Paris, share of people opposed to refugees rose to 80%.

23. Use of Internet by Hate Mongers
Providing Information (English, German, other languages, according to the audience)
Facilitation – like us, racists use the Internet to organize their travel, to communicate, to find information.
Seeking Legitimacy
Propaganda – use of cameras, chat rooms;
Seeking support

24. Nazi “Censure of Democracy”
“Today we're the target of the democratic governments; many comrades are in prison, our publications are censured: therefore we must fight stronger than ever”
National-Socialist books, images, flags, symbols, photos, revisionist literature, music of the Third Reich, war articles, hate literature, and links to other sites

25. Main Principles Champions of the First Amendment. “us” and “them”
Whites are the oppressed group
Society is in danger of being overrun by ignorant, welfare-loving minorities who desire white women

26. Use of Internet by Hate Mongers
Socialization and motivation - use chatrooms to create virtual community, and motivate people to take violent actions against the “other”.
Music
Linking
Promotion of violence
Instructions and online manuals
Planning of meetings, activities and coordination
Raising cash
Recruitment

27. Hate in the UK
Under the Public Order Act 1986 it is an offence to use threatening, abusive or insulting words or behaviour with intent or likelihood to stir up racial hatred against anyone on the grounds of colour, race, nationality or ethnic or national origins.
The offence carries maximum penalty of seven years’ imprisonment.
Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000
Criminal Justice and Immigration Act (2008).

28. Hate in the UK
In July 2008, Simon Sheppard was found guilty of nine counts of publishing racially inflammatory material on his Heretical Press website.
He was sentenced to 3 years and 10 months imprisonment.
Co-defendant Stephen Whittle was found guilty of four counts.
He was sentenced to 1 year and 10 months imprisonment.

29. Hate in the UK The Heretical Press is hosted in the USA.
But the important consideration is the location of the hate monger.
Sheppard targeted the Blackpool Reform Synagogue, “Tales of Holohoax”.
Other articles: “Auschwitz: The Holiday Camp for Kikes” and hate literature against blacks, Asian and non-white people generally.
See

30. From Speech to Action
Three Aryan supremacists, Benjamin Smith, Richard Baumhammers, and James W. von Brunn who in 1999, 2000 and 2009 respectively went on racially motivated shooting sprees after being exposed (von Brunn also contributed) to Internet racial propaganda.
Smith regularly visited the World Church of the Creator website, a notorious racist and hateful organization.
He said: "It wasn't really 'til I got on the Internet, read some literature of these groups that… it really all came together.“

31. From Speech to Action
Other hate crimes that involved shooting and killing of innocent people in the USA concern Buford Furrow who killed one person and injured five others in 1999;
The same year, 1999, Matthew and Tyler Williams who murdered a gay couple and set fire to three Sacramento-area synagogues;
In 2009, Keith Luke murdered two black people, and raped and nearly killed a third.
All were active on hate sites.

32. Hate crimes
In 2011, Anders Behring Breivik’s murderous journey in which he detonated a truck bomb in front of a government building in Oslo, killing eight, and then went on a shooting spree in Utoya Island, murdering 69 others.
In May 2012, Jason Todd Ready killed four people before killing himself.
That same month, Eric Clinton Kirk Newman, also known as Luca Rocco Magnotta, was accused of torturing and dismembering a Chinese immigrant;

33. Hate crimes
Three months later, Wade Michael Page shot and killed six people at a Sikh temple before killing himself during a shootout with police.
In London, David Copeland planted nail bombs in black and Bangladeshi neighbourhoods and in a gay pub. He killed three and injured more than one hundred people.

34. From: "Mother Fucker (Hates Asians)" <mfucker@uci.edu>
Machado
Date: Fri, 20 Sep :58:
From: "Mother Fucker (Hates Asians)"
To: {recipient list omitted to protect privacy of individuals}
Subject: FUck You Asian Shit
Hey stupid fucker As you can see in the name, I hate Asians, including you. If it weren’t for asias [sic] at UCI, it would be a much more popular campus. You are responsible for ALL the crimes that occur on campus. YOU are responsible for the campus being all dirt. YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE. That’s why I want you and your stupid ass comrades to get the fuck out of UCI. IF you don’t I will hunt all of you down and Kill your stupid asses. Do you hear me? I personally will make it my life carreer [sic] to find and kill everyone one [sic] of you personally. OK?????? That’s how determined I am. Get the fuck out. Mother Fucker (Asian Hater)

35. Remedies Speech v. Speech
Education (like the Partners Against Hate program),
Promotion of tolerance
Exposing of hate
Hate watch
Citizens’ initiatives to combat hate – “Coloradans United Against Hatred” (CUAH)
Net users’ initiatives against hate (Facebook United Against Hate)

36. Remedies Denying Legitimacy: sensitive media coverage;
banning racist parties;
protecting vulnerable people
Culture of tolerance

37. Remedies – The Internet
ISPs Liability
Provide a uniform channel for user complaints
Omit or at least label hate websites from search engines
Labelling, naming and shaming
Legal means: Prosecutions

38. Remedies Parental Supervision Filters
Install computer blocking programs at work and school

39. Remedies – The Internet
International cooperation between governments as well as between governments and Internet Service Providers: Working Group on Internet Governance; Jugendschutz.net in Germany; Stichting Magenta in the Netherlands; International Network Against Cyber Hate
Publishing overviews and reports on a regular basis
Business Ban

40. Remedies
Law and adherence to international conventions: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948); The 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; The U.N. International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination (1969); The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950); The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948); The Council of Europe’s Convention on Cybercrime (2003)
Introducing a different rationale: Instead of free highway, social responsibility

41. The Challenge Global solution for global problem Individual/ISPs State
Global problem requires global solution
ISPs
Proactive NGOs I
Social responsibility
Role of the State
Filters
Global solution
for
global problem
Individual/ISPs
State
Who’s
Responsible?
Business ban
Filters

42. Thank you