1. ACTIVE & PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION (VACCINATION)

2. Immunization Natural: Artificial: Infection = active
Antibodies from mother = passive
(transplacentary only IgG, half a year protection)
Artificial:
Vaccination - active
Antibodies dosage (immunoglobulins) - passive

3. History
Edward Jenner investigated, that dairy maid infected with cowpox were resistant also against smallpox first aplication of “vaccine”.
Louis Pasteur used attenuated rabies virus as vaccination
Nobel prize von Behring – antitoxic serum against diphteria
WHO proclaimed eradication of smallpox.

4. Vaccination Toxoids Inactivated vaccines Chemovaccines
Recombinant vaccines
Attenuated live vaccines

5. Toxoids
Modified form of the toxin that preserves its antigenicity but has lost its toxicity. We use adjuvants.
Tetanus (Clostridium tetani )
Diphteria (Corynebacterium diphteriae)
Staphylococci

6. Inactivated vaccines Bacterins = carefully killed bacterial suspension
Against viruses = influenza, poliomyelitis, rabies, tick born encephalitis
Autovaccines = microbial strain originate from ill (vaginal candidosis – C. albicans, S. aureus, E. coli, H. influenzae…)
Stock vaccines – mixture from frequenced laboratory strains (UNIVAK, Acnevak, Staphyvak, Candivak)

7. Chemovaccines and recombinant vaccines
Isolated protected antigens
Bacterial: against Haemophilus influenzae type b, N. meningitidis A + C, S. pneumoniae (23 frequent serotypes)
Viruses: influenza A, hepatitis A, tick born encephalitis
Recombinant vaccines = „made in“ E.coli (hepatitis B)

8. Attenuated live vaccines
Reproduction in area of giving – mild infection – high effectivity, longlasting, also stimulating cellular immunity
Attenuation – pasaging on artificial media or on tissue cultures (viruses) – reducing of the virulence
BCG (bacille Calmette-Guérin) – M. tuberculosis
Live virus polio (Sabin) - p.o.
Mumps, measles, rubella
Yellow fever

9. Mixed vaccines
Hexavalent vaccine: diphteria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae type b (conjugated) and polio (inactivated)
Trivalent atenuated vaccine against measles, mumps, rubella.

10. Vaccinacion types Regular – this calendary depends on country
Special – for person in risk (hepatitis A, rabies, influenza, meningococcus)
Extraordinary – in epidemia/extraordinary situation
In accidents – tetanus, rabies
Protecting the traveller – yellow fever, hepatitis A and B, Japanes B encephalitis, tetanus, poliomyelitis, abdominal tyfus, cholera
For request – influenza, tick born encephalitis, meningococcus (against meningitis)

11. Contra- indications Acute illnes Patients in reconvalescence
Immuncompromised patients
!!!! Patient with alergy, pregnant women – attention!!!

12. Artificial passive immunization
Heterologous (animal) immunoglobulines: antigangrenous (low effectivity), against botulism, staphylococci infections, viperic poison, rabies - alergic reactions
Homologous (human) immunoglobulines: various antibody defects, profylaxis of hepatitis A, against sepsis, hard absceding infections and difficult virosis (Ebola)

13. New trends
Edible vaccines – tomato/banana producing antigens of diarrhea agens
DNA vaccines – injected into muscle or skin, produce protective antigens and cytokins
Intradermal or mucous aplication – contact with dendritic cells
Ideal vaccine: Cheap, stable, safe, lifelong protection, effective immunity