1. William, Mary, & Ann: Defining the Constitutional Monarchy, 1688-1714
The Last Stuarts
William, Mary, & Ann: Defining the Constitutional Monarchy,

2. Secularizers made Revolution more Palatable
Isaac Newton, Principia Mathematica Philosophiae Naturalis (1687)
Robert Boyle and Chemistry
John Locke, Two Treatises on Government (1690); Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1694)

3. “A beautiful mind”: Isaac Newton (1643-1727)

4. Constitutional Settlement
Bill of Rights (1689)
Triennial Act (1694)
Toleration Act (1689)
Act of Settlement (1701)
Bank of England (1694)

5. Party and Faction Whigs versus Tories Court versus Country Jacobites
Save for Jacobites, these are persuasions more than parties or behaviors

6. Politics of the 1690s
William preferred Tories but they won’t support War of the League of Augsburg
William turns to Whig financiers who support the war because it earns returns for the Bank of England
William pacifies Ireland at Battle of Boyne (1690)
War on the continent goes less well, but Tr. Of Ryswick results in Louis XIV’s recognizing William III as king of England.

7. Political Repurcussions—late 1690s
Robert Harley and Tories control Parliament—demand peace and retrenchment
Harley and Tories pass Act of Settlement, with proviso that King had to be member of Church of England—slap at William

8. Robert Harley ( )

9. Wars of the Spanish Succession
Fear of Louis XIV’s violation of Balance of Power
Grand Alliance versus Bourbon dynasty
William III took John Churchill to Europe to get support for his leadership
William Dies
Anne inherits war—her best friend is Churchill’s wife.

11. Anne and Spanish Succession War
Tory triumvirate runs show: Churchill runs war; Harley runs commons, and Sidney Godolphin ran the treasury
Battle of Blenheim (1704) turns war on the Continent
George Rook captured Gibraltar in 1704
Churchill, now Duke of Marlboro, continues to win battles—Ramiellies, Undenard, and Mal Placquet.
Charles Habsburg inherits family lands—now more dangerous than Philip V

12. Treaty of Utrecht (1713) Family compact w/ Bourbons
England gets Minorca, Acadia, Newfoundland, Gibraltar, and Shores of Hudson’s Bay
Gets Asiento from Philip V

13. Godolphin and Marlboro

14. Domestic Politics in Anne’s Reign
Abigail Masham replaces Sarah Churchill
Many parliaments and looser franchise—most democratic commons till 20th century
Tories and “blue water policy”
“Church in Danger”—Tory Domestic issue
Henry St. John, Vicount Bolingbroke, called for a “Patriot King”
Impeachment of Dr. Henry Sacheverell
Would Hanoverian Settlement hold?