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The Digestive System
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Structure and Function
Organs organized for maximum efficiency Alimentary canal & accessory organs
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Digestive Processes Chemical digestion Absorption Defecation Ingestion
Mechanical digestion Propulsion Chemical digestion Absorption Defecation
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Mouth Hard & soft palate – “roof” Uvula – blocks nasal passage
Tongue & teeth Salivary glands Saliva is 99.5 % water Saltine Challenge
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Pharynx Connects mouth with esophagus Swallowing & epiglottis
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Swallow Study
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Esophagus Peristalsis – wave of involuntary contraction to move food down alimentary canal
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Esophagus Connects to stomach by Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES)
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Heartburn Caused when stomach acid backs up past your LES and irritates the lining of your esophagus LES could be weak or abnormally relax Spicy foods – already irritate the esophagus & increase stomach acid production
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Heartburn
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GERD vs LPR
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Stomach Baglike with rugae (folds) LES & Pyloric sphincters
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Stomach Functions Mechanical digestion Chemical digestion
Absorption – water, ethanol, some lipid-soluble substances Propulsion to small intestines as chyme (semifluid mass of partially digested food)
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Small Intestine Segments Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Villi and microvilli to increase surface area
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Small Intestine
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Mesentery Keeps small intestine organized & supports blood vessels
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Endoscopy Used to examine esophagus, stomach, & duodenum
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Pill Cam Endoscopy
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Small Intestine Functions
Chemical digestion, absorption, propulsion by peristalsis Chemicals produced by accessory organs and secreted into small intestine
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Pancreas Pancreatic juice – lots of enzymes to help with digesting proteins, carbs, & fats Produces insulin Allows glucose to enter cells Helps glucose to be stored as glycogen for later use
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Pancreas NEED CAT PANCREAS PICTURE!
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Liver
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Liver Produces bile Emulsification – breakdown of fat to increase surface area for digestion Animation Continued breakdown of carbs & proteins
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Liver Detoxify harmful substances Cirrhosis
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Stores bile & secretes it to small intestine
Gall Bladder Stores bile & secretes it to small intestine
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Large Intestine Segments Cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal Functions
Absorption & feces formation Defecation START EDITING HERE
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Large Intestines
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Colonoscopy Similar to endoscopy but examines colon
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Homeostasis Nourishment Malnutrition
Starvation utilization of body proteins bloated appearance
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