1. TCP/IP Addressing and Data Delivery
The TCP/IP Protocol Suite
IPv4 Addressing
Default IP Addressing Schemes
Create Custom IP Addressing Schemes
IPv6 Address Implementation
Delivery Techniques

2. OSI Model Location Network 3 Data Link 2 Application 7 Presentation 6
Session
Transport 5 4
Network
Data Link 3
Physical 2 1

3. The TCP/IP Model Application OSI Model TCP/IP Model Presentation
Session
Transport
Transport
Network
Internet
Data Link
Data Link
Physical

4. Encapsulation on TCP/IP Networks
Data is sent from Application layer to Transport layer.
Transport layer adds header to datagram and moves datagram to Internet layer.
Internet layer adds another header and passes datagram to Network layer.
Network layer adds header and trailer.
Entire packet with header and trailer is sent.
On receipt, headers and trailers are removed from data and it moves to Application layer.

5. Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Protocols
Connection-oriented protocols:
Connection established before any data is sent.
Stream of data delivered in the order it was sent.
Example: TCP.
Connectionless protocols:
Connection is not established before data is sent.
Data may be delivered out of order.
Example: UDP.

6. TCP TCP: Connection-oriented protocol. Guaranteed delivery.
Part of the Internet protocol suite.
Breaks data into segments then reassembles at the receiver end.
Resends any data lost in transit.
Resequences data.
Sends data, waits for acknowledgement, resubmits, if necessary.

7. The Three-Way Handshake
SYN:
Active open by client sending SYN to server.
Client sets packet sequence number to random value, A.
SYN-ACK:
Server replies with SYN-ACK.
Acknowledgement number is A+1.
Sequence number is another random value, B.
ACK:
Client sends ACK to server.
Sequence number is the received acknowledgement value.
Acknowledgement number is B+1.

8. UDP UDP: Connectionless IP suite Transport-layer protocol.
Used with IP.
Smaller, simpler header than TCP uses.
Faster service:
Does not wait for acknowledgement.
Used in:
VoIP.
Real-time video.
Network management applications.
Used when performance is more important than ability to receive all data.

9. IP OSI Layer 3 protocol. Responsible for routing individual datagrams.
Connectionless protocol.
Acts as intermediary between higher protocol layers and the network.
Carries TCP or UDP payload.
When used with TCP:
IP provides connection.
TCP provides reliability.

10. Receiving Node Buffers Fill
ICMP
Flood
warning
Sending Node
Receiving Node
Receiving Node Buffers Fill 2 1
Data 3
Source Quench Message

11. Used for multicast packet routing
IGMP
IGMP
Used for multicast packet routing

12. ARP

13. Protocol Analyzers Displays captured frames and contents

14. Data Transmission on IP Networks
Sender transmits PDU and waits for ACK signal.
Throughput increased if data is sent as larger PDUs.
PDUs at Layer 4:
Segments for TCP.
Datagrams for UDP.

15. Introduction to IP Addressing
Configure:
IP address.
Subnet mask.
Default gateway.
Benefits of using IP:
Unique network addresses using IP addresses and subnet masks.
Nodes can determine if PDU is destined for local or remote network.
Routers use network address and default gateway to send PDU to correct network.

16. Binary and Decimal Conversion

17. IP Addresses

18. Dotted Decimal Notation
Binary Format
Decimal Notation

19. Subnet mask ignores the node portion
Subnet Masks
Network portion
Node portion
IP address
Subnet mask differentiates the network and node portions of the binary IP address
Network address
Network portion
Subnet mask ignores the node portion

20. Network is divided into smaller subnetworks
Subnets
Subnet A
Subnet B
Network is divided into smaller subnetworks

21. IP Address Assignment Rules
TCP/IP

22. IP Address Classes Address Class Address Range Class Ato
Class B to
Class C to
Class D to
Class E to

23. Available Host and Network Addresses
Calculate number of available host addresses:
2n-2
Can’t have all zeros or all ones
Calculate number of available network addresses: 2a
No need to reserve addresses

24. Private IP Addresses 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255

25. Private IP Address Conflicts
/24
/24
Company Intranet

26. Private IP Address Conflicts (Cont.)
/24
/24
/24
Duplicate addresses on this segment
Company Intranet

27. Private IP Address Conflicts (Cont.)
/24
/24
VPN tunnel between two private networks
Both internal networks use the same IP addresses, causing duplicates. One network needs to be changed, for example, to

28. Default gateway is the address of the router connected to the Internet
Default Gateways
Gateway
Default gateway is the address of the router connected to the Internet

29. Custom Subnets
Routes traffic between subnets
Host range that arises from use of a non-default subnet mask
A class of leased addresses that are divided into smaller groups

30. Custom Subnet Masks
Original subnet mask
/24
Custom subnet mask
/26

31. Classless Inter-Domain Routing
CIDR combines the network
address with a number
/23

32. The Custom Subnetting Process
Dividing line
Dividing line
Network
Host
Network
Host
Subnetwork /26
“subnet zero”
Subnetwork /26
“subnet 64”
One network with 256 host addresses
Four subnetworks with 64 host addresses each
Network /24
Subnetwork /26
“subnet 128”
Subnetwork /26
“subnet 192”

33. Number of subnets you need Move the mask this many bits to the right
The Delta Method
Number of subnets you need
Move the mask this many bits to the right

34. Network ID Calculation
Step
Example
1. Identify octet that contains both network and node bits
2. Convert shared octet for IP address to binary, add leading 0s as needed
3. Remove node bits from shared octet by applying subnet mask
4. Convert shared portion of IP address back to decimal
is 112, so the base network ID is

35. Guidelines for Creating Custom IP Addressing Schemes
To create custom subnets:
Assign an entire Class C octet to a subnet when possible.
If your subnet has many nodes, consider using a shorter mask to create a larger address pool (/23 or /22).
Make sure none of your subnets have overlapping IP addresses.
To create custom subnet masks:
Use the table to quickly map the number of needed subnets to the number of borrowed mask bits.
Do not use custom subnet masks (VLSM) unless necessary.
Exception: When assigning subnets to point-to-point WAN links, use a /30 mask to conserve IP addresses.
To use CIDR:
Use CIDR notation (as opposed to dotted decimal) for VLSM.
When subnetting, physically organize the network topology so the subnets can be aggregated together into a supernet by a single border router.

36. Guidelines for Creating Custom IP Addressing Schemes (Cont.)
To perform the subnetting process:
Determine the number of subnets you need based on how many geographical locations, how many VLANs, or the need to isolate segments.
Use the delta method to determine the subnet ID increments and the IP address ranges for each subnet.
Use the number of subnets and number of mask bits table to help you with the subnetting process.
To perform the delta method:
Draw the number of mask bits in a diagram to help you identify the old and new mask positions.
Use the number of subnets and number of mask bits table to help you identify the delta.
To perform network ID calculation:
Remember the network (subnet) ID must be an increment of a binary number (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, or 128).
Use a diagram of bits to help identify the delta and the network ID increments.

37. IPv4 Address Space Limitations
A theoretical maximum of approximately 4,295 billion separate addresses.
The division of the address space into fixed classes:
Node addresses falling either between classes or between subnets are unavailable for assignment.
IP address classes provide a small number of node addresses.
Depletion of Class A and Class B IP address assignments.
Unassigned and unused address ranges within existing Class A and Class B blocks.

38. IPv6 128-bit binary address space.
340 billion, trillion, trillion addresses.
New features:
Simplified address headers.
Hierarchical addressing.
Support for time-sensitive network traffic.
Required security.
New structure for unicast addressing.
Benefits include:
Non-essential info in headers moved to optional extension headers.
Stateless auto-reconfiguration of hosts.
New IP header field enables IP to guarantee allocation of network resources.
Implements Network-layer encryption and authentication with IPSec.

39. Transmission Types
Unicast
Multicast
Anycast

40. IPv6 Addresses 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334/64
Global addresses
Site-local addresses
Link-local addresses
IPv6 transitional addresses
Site
(org)
RIR
ISP
Subnet
Host
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334/64

41. IPv6 Tunneling
Envelopes data packet in a form acceptable to the carrier:
Microsoft DirectAccess
Teredo tunneling
Miredo tunneling
6to4
4to6

42. Router Solicitation and Advertising
Router transmits router advertisement messages to nodes on link
Nodes can send router solicitation messages to all routers on the link

43. Protocols bound to the network interface
Protocol Binding
Network interface
Protocols bound to the network interface

44. Guidelines for Implementing IPv6 Addressing
Implement IPv6 in phases.
Ensure interoperability between IPv4 and IPv6.
IPv4 network classes will not apply to IPv6.
Configure AAAA DNS records for IPv6.
Upgrade hardware to support IPv6.
Ensure IPv6 environment is scalable.
Ensure IPv6 packets sent on IPv4 network are encapsulated.

45. Connections Unacknowledged connectionless Acknowledged connectionless
Connection-oriented

46. Flow Control Technique for optimizing data exchange between systems:
Too much data, receiving node may drop packets.
Too little data, receiver sits idle.
Two flow control techniques are:
Buffering.
Data windows.
TCP uses flow control to regular flow of data.
UDP makes no attempt at flow control.

47. Buffering Handled by network card. Cache controller manages caching.
To avoid flooding, squelch signal is used.
TCP communicates the receiver’s buffer size so sender knows how much data it can send.
UDP discards packets it cannot accommodate and expects the application to manage any errors.

48. Data Windows Without data windows With data windows 1 10 Packet ACK
Defines how much data can be sent
without waiting for an acknowledgment

49. Data sent with EDC in trailer Request data be retransmitted
Error Detection
Data sent with EDC in trailer
Receiver generates an EDC and compares it with the one sent in the trailer
Yes
Do they match? No
Request data be retransmitted
Process data

50. Parity Checking Sender Receiver 1 1 1 2 3 4
Devices check data word by word 2
Sender adds one bit
to each word of data 3
Receiver compares the
transmitted and received bytes
Compare bytes
with parity bits
Sender
Receiver
If there is a mismatch, the
receiver requests retransmission 4 1 1
Parity bit
Parity bit

51. Cyclic Redundancy Checking
Sender attaches
CRC to data
Receiver calculates CRC for
received block 1 2
Compare CRCs for error
Values match and
data is unaltered 3 1 1 1 1
CRC 1 1 1 1
CRC

52. Reflective Questions
Where would you expect to use custom subnet masks?
What measures have you taken to prepare for implementing IPv6?