1. Pertemuan II
Parts of Speech (2) Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions and Articles
Pembahasan Modul III dan IV
Waktu 120 Menit

2. Tujuan Instruksional Khusus
Mahasiswa diharapkan dapat:
mengidentifikasi Adjectives;
mengidentifikasi Adverbs;
mengidentifikasi Prepositions;
mengidentifikasi Articles;
menggunakan Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions dan Articles dalam suatu kalimat.

3. Modul III Adjectives and Adverbs
Adjectives adalah kata yang menerangkan kata benda
Adjectives give information about nouns and nouns phrases and answer the question what kind?
Adejective is a modifier that has grammatical property of comparison
Contoh:
a beautiful girl
Kata beautiful menerangkan kata girl

4. Karakteristik Adjectives
Attributive, dapat diletakan di antara determiner (article atau tanpa article) dan bagian utama dari noun phrases
Predicative, dapat berperan sebagai subject compelement atau object compelement
Dapat diberi penekanan dengan kata very
Adjectives dapat berbentuk comperative dan superlative
Adjectives tidak mempunyai bentuk plural

5. Type of Adjectives Determiners
Determiners generally do this by indicating definiteness (as in a vs. the), quantity (as in one vs.some vs. many), or another such property.
E.g
I like this picture
Who are those people?

6. Descriptive
All you need to know about adjectives is that there are two kinds: descriptive and limiting.
Descriptive adjectives describe things:
tall
outdated
glossy

7. what, which, whose, whatever, etc.
Limiting adjectives quantify or specify nouns. There are many different kinds:
I’m not sure which book I need.
Come at whatever time you can.
this man
that food
these days
any room
some girls
few people
the house
a shovel
an idea
one student
the first door
his sister
my nose
our dog
what time?
which song?
whose books?
a, an, the
this, these, that, those
any, some, few, etc.
what? which? whose?
one, second, etc.
his, their, our, etc.
what, which, whose, whatever, etc.

8. Understanding what adjectives do will help you understand how other, more complex constructions—which also function as adjectives—work. For example:
in the pantry . . .
having misunderstood every word I said . . .

9. Adverb
Adverbs modify—that is, limit or describe—verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, and whole sentences.
She laughed loudly.
This is more important.
He finished very quickly.
However, no one noticed.

10. Understanding what adverbs do will help you understand how other, more complex constructions—which also function as adverbs—work. For example:
If you are ready, we can go.

11. Modul IV. Prepositions and Article
It’s easy to remember what prepositions do.
“pre-” means that they come before other words;
“position” means that they define positions, either in terms of time or space

12. Modul IV. Prepositions and Article
Prepositions include many common words, such as in, on, after, beside, by, and since.
Prepositions combine with other words to form prepositional phrases.
in the cupboard
up your nose
after chapel

13. Making use of at, on, in, during, by, for At:
THE EXPRESSION OF TIME
Making use of at, on, in, during, by, for
At:
It is used to express for a certain moment or point in time.
The train leaves at 2.45 p.m.
For festivals which mark a point in the year.
We have a holiday at Christmas and at Easter.

14. PREPOSITIONS
On For a specific day expressed as date, e.g. on June 5th day of the week, e.g. on Friday a special day in the year with a name of its own, e.g. on Christmas morning For a specific part of any such day e.g. on Christmas morning, (but on the afternoon/evening of Christmas day) on Wednesday morning, on Friday morning.

15. PREPOSITIONS
In Used before words which denote a period of time. E.g. in the summer, in September, in the year 1948, in the morning, in the dinner-hour, in the summer holidays. To show a total length of time taken for completion of activity. E.g. in three hours, in two hours, thirty five minutes and twenty seconds. To state a period at the end of which something will happen. E.g. in a few minutes, in an hour’s time.

16. PREPOSITIONS
During To express the idea which continues throughout the whole of a specified period. E.g. During the war food was rationed. To express an idea wherein which an event took place within a specified period of time (“in the course of”) E.g. The house was burgled during the night.

17. PREPOSITIONS
By To denote the latest time by which something was or is to be done. It implies it may be done before then but not after. E.g. You must be home by ten o’ clock. Applications for the post should be received by April 25th. Used before the words day and night (same as “during”) E.g. Some motorists prefer to travel by night.

18. PREPOSITIONS
For To show the lapse of time during which something takes place or a state of affairs persists. E.g. It rained continuously for 20 hours. We have been waiting for over an hour. Note: We stayed a week. (sum total of the time) We stayed for a week. (time as it goes day by day)

19. PREPOSITIONS
Additional notes: 1. at, on, in are not used if the noun giving a time is preceded by an adjective. 2. yesterday, today, and tomorrow are also used as adverbs and do not take a preposition. ‘today’ cannot be followed by morning, afternoon, evening. ‘night’ can be used only after tomorrow. Hence ‘yesterday night’ or ‘today night’ is not possible.

20. PREPOSITIONS B. THE EXPRESSION OF PLACE Place of Residence:
(a) In is used for a general reference to the place
E.g. in the town, in the desert
(b) In is used for the names of countries, continents, capital cities of large towns
In Paris, in China, in Delhi
(c) At is used for villages and smaller towns
at Aluva, at Marampally

21. PREPOSITIONS
(d) In is used when no specific type of residence is mentioned
E.g. in a cottage, in a flat
(e) At is used for a particular place of residence
E.g. at Manor house, at Buckingham palace
(f) In is used for names of streets and roads
E.g. in Palace road, in Dalal street

22. PREPOSITIONS
Place of Work (g) In is used if it is a building E.g. in a factory, in a bank (h) At is used if the reference is to particular place E.g. at the public library, at BARC (i) In is used for a particular room or department E.g. in the Manuscripts department, in the auditing department.

23. PREPOSITIONS
Chief Exceptions: At the seaside, on an island (place of residence) On a farm, on the railway, on an estate, on a rubber plantation (place of work with no reference to a building)

24. PREPOSITIONS C. PREPOSITIONS ATTACHED TO VERBS
Many intransitive verbs are followed prepositions and its objects. It is incorrect to make statements like:
He pointed the tree
We listened the music
I am looking a book

25. PREPOSITIONS
Combinations of v+prep E.g. agree to, apply to, care for, hope for, object to, rely on, depends on, stared at, succeed in, talks of, think of, think about, write to etc.

26. PREPOSITIONS
In interrogative forms beginning with what, who, when, which etc prepositions should be put at the end of the sentences
What are you looking at?
Where has this bus come from?
Whom do you wish to speak to?

27. Prepositions begin a modifying phrase:
In the great city of New York, Joe sat in his plush green leather chair and hungrily eyed the lengthy lunch menu.

28. Prepositions begin a modifying phrase:
In the great city of New York, Joe sat in his plush green leather chair and hungrily eyed the lengthy lunch menu.

29. Prepositions begin a modifying phrase:
In the great city of New York, Joe sat in his plush green leather chair and hungrily eyed the lengthy lunch menu.

30. Prepositions begin a modifying phrase:
In the great city of New York, Joe sat in his plush green leather chair and hungrily eyed the lengthy lunch menu.
Note that a noun or pronoun follows the preposition and serves as the object of the preposition.

31. Articles mark nouns:
In the great city of New York, Joe sat in his plush green leather chair and hungrily eyed a lengthy lunch menu.
“Please send an eager server my way!” the starving Joe begged.
The is a definite article. It points to a specific item.
A and an are indefinite articles.
An precedes a noun that begins with a vowel sound.