1. Chapter 9 Energy Balance and Healthy Body Weight
Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 12e Sizer/Whitney

2. Increasing Prevalence of Obesity

3. What Are the Risks from Underweight?
Disadvantages
Siege or famine (1st to die!)
Hospital stays
Wasting disease
Heart disease

4. Health Dangers of Excess Weight
Cancer:
Stroke
Daytime sleepiness/sleep apnea
Breast, ovary, cervix,
endometrium (women)
Impaired breathing
esophagus
Heart disease
Pancreatitis
kidney
Kidney disease
gallbladder
Liver disease
non-Hodgkins disease
Gallbladder disease
stomach and prostate (men)
colorectal
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Low back pain
Urinary stress incontinence
Type 2 Diabetes
High blood cholesterol
Pain
High blood pressure
Figure 6.3 Health Dangers of Excess Weight
Surgical complications
Osteoarthritis
Infections following wounds
Infertility
Impaired immunity
Health Dangers of Excess Weight
Gout

5. Visceral Fat and Subcutaneous Fat

6. How Fat Is Too Fat? Evaluate health risks of obesity
Body mass index (BMI)
Waist circumference
Disease risk profile
Social costs of being overfat
Economic costs of being overfat

7. Chronic Disease Risks According to BMI Values and Waist Circumference

8. BMI Values Used to Assess Weight for Adults
Figure 6.1 BMI Values Used to Assess Weight for Adults
Fig. 6-1, p. 171

9. Indicators of an Urgent Need for Weight Loss

10. The Body’s Energy Balance
Energy budget
Change in energy stores = energy in – energy out
Energy in
Foods and beverages
Energy out
Varies widely
Lifestyle (exercise) and metabolism

11. The Body’s Energy Balance
Calorie needs
activity and weight
Energy output
Basal metabolism (BMR)
Voluntary activities
Thermic effect of food

12. Components of Energy Expenditure

13. Factors That Affect the BMR

14. The Body’s Energy Balance
Estimated energy requirements (EER)
Reference man and woman
Taller people
Need more energy
Energy need diminishes with age
DRI method
Gender, age, physical activity, body size and weight, and growth

15. Average Body Composition of Men (12-20%) and Women (20-30%) –healthy ranges

16. Three Methods of Assessing Body Fatness

17. Passive entertainment Childhood development
How Did We Get So Fat?
More calories
Bigger portions
Fast Food
Physical inactivity
Passive entertainment
Genetics
Prenatal factors
Childhood development
Emotional influences

18. Hunger, Appetite, Satiation, and Satiety

19. Inside-the-Body Causes of Obesity
Genetics
One obese parent = 30-70% chance of obesity
Influence tendency to gain weight or stay lean
Environmental factors

20. Outside-the-Body Causes of Obesity
External cues to overeating
Available foods
Larger portions
Physical inactivity
Inactivity epidemic

21. Outside-the-Body Causes of Obesity
Attain healthy body weight
Diet
Physical activity
Behavior change

22. How the Body Loses and Gains Weight
Tissue lost or gain
Depends on what you do
Water
Fat or muscle
Rapid weight loss is anything but fat
1 lb. of Fat = 3500 calories

23. Moderate Weight Loss Versus Rapid Weight Loss
Gradual weight loss is preferred
1-2 lbs./week or 10% in 6-12 mths.
Fasting
Body adjustments
Sacrifice lean tissue
Death
Ketosis
Incomplete break down of fat molecules

24. Feasting and Fasting

25. Moderate Weight Loss Versus Rapid Weight Loss
Short-term fasting
Seems to be tolerated
Effects of deprivation
Overeat or binge eating
Weight loss technique
Slowing of metabolism
Low-carbohydrate diets (initial water loss)
DRI minimum carbohydrate intake level is 130 g/day

26. Weight Gain Energy-yielding nutrients contribute to body stores
Four sources of energy
Alcohol
Two types of energy stores
An excess of any food will become fat

27. Popular Fad Diets (Read Consumer Corner p. 345)
Effectiveness
General reduction in calories
Doesn’t mater if CHO, Fat, or PRO
Adequacy
Safety
Personal responsibility
Lifestyle or behavior change

28. Achieving and Maintaining a Healthy Body Weight
What is your motivation?
Benefits of modest weight loss
Focus on health or fitness

29. What Diet Strategies Are Best for Weight Loss?
Aim for a realistic target
Reasonable, specific, measurable goals
Recommended weight loss
Keep records
Plan your diet
Realistic calorie intakes
Adequate diets

30. Recommended Daily Food Intakes for Low-Calorie Diets

31. What Diet Strategies Are Best for Weight Loss?
Manage portion sizes
Calorie calculations
Energy density (cal/weight in grams)
Artificial sweeteners
Meal spacing (3-6 meals a day)
Always eat breakfast

32. Examples of Energy Density

33. Physical Activity in Weight Loss and Maintenance
Increase caloric expenditure
During activity
Up to 1 hour following activity
Increase in muscle mass
Weight maintenance
Choosing activities
enjoyable

34. What Strategies Are Best for Weight Gain?
Physical activity
Resistance training = added muscle =
High-calorie diet (nutritious food)
Increased daily caloric intake
High energy density foods

35. Medical Treatment of Obesity
Obesity medications
OTC
Prescription
Obesity surgery
Lipectomy

36. Surgical Obesity Treatments

37. Characteristic of successful weight maintainers?
Lifelong commitment
Cultivate habits for a healthy weight
Exercise regularly
Keep track of food/exercise habits

38. Behavior Modification for Weight Control
Change behavior
Change thought processes
Food and activity diary
Don’t attempt to modify all behaviors at once

39. Behavior Modification for Weight Control
Modifying behaviors
Eliminate inappropriate cues
Suppress cues
Strengthen cues
Repeat the desired behaviors
Emphasize negative consequences
Emphasize positive consequences
Establish baseline
Cognitive skills

40. The Perils of Eating Disorders
Controversy 9

41. Introduction Eating disorders Young women Beginnings of disorders
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Binge eating disorder
Young women
All people
Beginnings of disorders

42. Society’s Influence Many causes to eating disorders Media messages
Societal pressure for thinness
Distorted body image
Media messages
Unrealistic ideals
Dieting as risk

43. Tips for Combating Eating Disorders

44. Criteria for Diagnosis of Anorexia Nervosa

45. Criteria for Diagnosis of Bulimia Nervosa

46. The Cycle of Bingeing, Purging, and Negative Self-Perception

47. Criteria for Diagnosis of Binge Eating Disorder