1. French and British Conflict
The superpowers at war

2. Conflicts France and England were often in conflict with one another.
Conflicts
France and England were often in conflict with one another.
They both wanted:
More territories, including those in North America.
The resources in these territories.
They were rivals for power in Europe and on the high seas.

3. Aboriginals at war
Mi’kmaq fought British colonization from 1713 to 1752
British settlers had pushed First Nations off the land in the Thirteen Colonies (which was just south of Acadia)
Due to strong alliances with the French, along with the mutual agreement to share the land, the Aboriginals did not take kindly to being pushed off their land by the British.

4. Always at War
Between 1690 and 1763, France and England were almost always at war with each other
Control of Acadia
Britain takes control through Treaty of Utrecht
War of the Spanish Succession
Treaty of Utrecht
Battle for Louisburg
The 7 Years War
The Great Deportation
Battle at Quebec
Plains of Abraham
Treaty of Paris

5. The War of the Spanish Succession
The War of the Spanish Succession
This war began after the king of Spain died. The king had bequeathed his country to a French Lord prior to his death (this would have allowed for a great French/Spanish alliance). The rest of Europe did not like this idea and fought France for the right to place their own king in Spain. Ultimately, this war became a fight between Britain and France, with France eventually conceding defeat.
With this fierce war taking place in Europe, North American colonies could only sit and watch the future events unfold.
In 1713 The Treaty of Utrecht was signed and brought an end to the war

6. The Treaty of Utrecht The Treaty of Utrecht was signed in 1713
France agreed to give up all of it's claims to the areas around the Hudson Bay, Newfoundland, and Acadia.
But why Acadia?

7. Acadia

8. So why Acadia? Its territory controlled the Gulf of St. Lawrence
It was close to valuable fishing grounds
It was close to valuable shipping routes
It was close to the 13 Colonies (think export/trade)

9. Acadians
Acadians were the descendants of the French colonists who had first farmed the shores of the Bay of Fundy in the 1600s
They farmed the salt marshes – areas the Mi’kmaq did not use
They established alliances with the Mi’kmaq and traded with them
Many Mi’kmaq married an Acadian
The Mi’kmaq did not consider themselves invaded upon although some of the Acadians felt the opposite.

10. Louisburg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9ZsMrVb2AU
In 1720, France built a huge fortress and military base called Louisburg, on what today is Cape Breton Island.

11.
The Ongoing War
France and England were in a constant battle for economic power in the world.
The two countries vied for control of colonies in North America, India and the West Indies, and supremacy on the sea.
Colonies were an important source of raw materials like sugar, fish, furs and lumber and their inhabitants provided a ready market for manufactured goods from the mother country
The wars were generally about territorial control and power among the ruling families of Europe.

12. Acadian way of life
Acadia had changed hands many times in the seventeenth century
By 1710, most of Acadia was firmly under British control.
Britain allowed Acadians to live their lives in peace
By 1750, more than Acadians lived on small farms and in villages nestled along the shores of the Bay of Fundy.
Many had intermarried with their Mi’kmaq trading partners. They were mainly Frenchspeaking Catholics
Over the years, they created their own way of life. It was based on fishing and their unique methods of farming.

13. Caught in the Middle
By 1755, tensions between France and Britain had built beyond the boiling point and war seemed imminent.
The Governor of Nova Scotia feared the Acadians would side with the French if war broke out
Subsequently, if the Acadians sided with the French, would the Mi’kmaq also side with the French?
Up until this point, Acadians considered themselves neutral, but only because they refused to swear allegiance to Britain.

14. Should we deport the Acadians?
Pretend it is 1755 and we are British delegates trying to decide what to do about the Acadians. What we know is:
If France and Britain went to war, Acadia would certainly be drawn into the fighting because of its strategic position.
The Acadians are catholic and speak French. They have lived peacefully under British rule since 1713
However they have more in common with French culture than British culture
Acadia's demographics Acadian settlers and 6000 British settlers
Acadians have refused to promise to fight against France in a war. But they have promise to remain neutral.

15. The Great Deportation
In 1755, the Governor of Nova Scotia gave the Acadians an ultimatum, swear loyalty to Britain or lose your land.
They wanted to remain neutral, so they promised not to fight against the British, but they refused to take the Oath of Allegiance
A few months later, the British captured a fort from the French. Inside they found 300 Acadian troops fighting for the French.
The Governor declared all Acadians to be bad and proceeded to remove all Acadians from the province.

16. The Great Deportation
In 1755, British soldiers fell upon the Acadian villages.
They rounded up the people at gunpoint.
They broke up families and forced them to board ships bound for distant lands (such as France, England and the Caribbean)
They burned homes and churches.
They destroyed farms and drove off animals.
Many Acadians didn’t survive the deportation, though. They died of disease, drowning, or starvation.

17. The French and Indian War
Exposition
The French and Indian War was the North American conflict in a larger imperial war between the French and British – The Seven Years War.
France + Natives (Huron/Mi’kmaq) vs British + Iroquois
Up until this point France and Britain were fighting to control more and more of North America
This war, like the Seven Years War, was a fight for territorial control.
The French and Indian War was a fight for North America
The Seven Years War was a fight for territorial control of the seas.

18. The French and Indian War
Exposition
The Thirteen Colonies controlled most of the Eastern seaboard
The French controlled most of the territory North and West of the Thirteen Colonies
The border between French and British territory was not well defined and one disputed territory was the Ohio River Valley

19. The French and Indian War
Conflict
In 1754 the war began when a Lieutenant George Washington (British) attacked a French Fort in the Ohio River Valley.
George Washington was defeated.
This simple act quickly became the defining act for the worlds first world war.

20. The Seven Years War Rising Action
The Seven Years War began in 1756 and ended in 1763
Britain was determined to destroy the French navy, dominate the seas and build the largest navy
Before long, nine countries were apart of this war – it can be argued that this was the first world war

21. The Seven Years War Rising Action
According to Britain, in order to defeat the French in North America, they would need to take control of the fortresses at Louisburg and Quebec.
In 1758 Louisbourg was captured by the British
It was only captured after the British Navy stopped all supplies from getting to Louisbourg
Meanwhile, in the Caribbean, Britain also took control of the French colony Guadeloupe.

22.
The Plains of Abraham
Climax

23. The Fall of Quebec Falling Action
Because of the battle on the Plains of Abraham, British troops captured the fortress at Quebec
After the battle, the French army retreated to Montreal.
In April 1760, the army returned to Quebec and defeated the British at the Battle of Sainte-Foy. The British retreated into the fortress and the French surrounded them, cutting them off of all supplies.
When the St. Lawrence River cleared of ice, ships began sailing down it. Who would arrive first?
The British arrived first and helped resupply their troops at Quebec
The French were defeated

24. The Treaty of Paris Resolution
The Seven Year War ended in 1763 with the signing of the Treaty of Paris.
Under the Treaty:
France kept the colony of Guadeloupe
France gave up all of its claims in North America
France was guaranteed that Britain would not retaliate against any French allies (like the Mi’kmaq)
Britain would allow the Catholic people of New France to practice their religion.

25. Life after the war Britain Rules
Life after the Seven Years War was not easy
Although Britain had won the war, North American colonists and Aboriginal communities were still divided.
Their future was uncertain.
Many feared that Francophone Catholic subjects and Anglophone Protestant rulers would not be able to work together.
Others feared that the fur trade would fall apart
The biggest question: what kind of a society would Britain build?

26. Rebellion in the 13 Colonies
Rebellion in the 13 Colonies
After the war, Britain in serious debt
Keep soldiers in the Thirteen Colonies in case the people of New France decided to revolt = lots more money
Britain decided to raise the taxes in the Thirteen Colonies to pay for these soldiers
The Thirteen Colonies refuse to pay because they didn’t have a say in the matter. Protests started
“No taxation without representation”
In 1775, the protests turned to rebellion – led by George Washington

27. The Troublesome Chief Pontiac
The Troublesome Chief Pontiac
Following the Seven Years War, the British began treating the Native groups in New France poorly ~ mainly refusing to trade with them
Chief Pontiac and 300 followers attacked Fort Detroit in 1763
What was supposed to be a surprise attack turned into a full siege of the fort
Word got out about Pontiac’s attack, and other Native groups began attacking British Forts and other British settlements in the Ohio Valley.
By the end of 1763, 9 of 11 forts in the Ohio Valley were controlled by Natives.

28. The Royal Proclamation of 1763
The Royal Proclamation of 1763
Britain hoped to establish lasting peace with the Royal Proclamation
The proclamation aimed to assimilate the Canadiens by:
Establishing the Province of Quebec but with a British-style government
Governor, appointed council and an elected assembly
Disallowing Catholics from holding positions in government
Abolishing French civil law – no more taxes that supported the Catholic Church
Abolished the laws that defined the relationship between seigneurs and habitants
Encouraging settlers from Thirteen Colonies to move north

29. The Royal Proclamation of 1763
The Royal Proclamation of 1763
The proclamation aimed to make peace with First Nations by:
Creating a proclamation line that would separate the Thirteen Colonies from “Native Territory”
No settlement could occur in this territory until the First Nations had come to an agreement with Britain

30. The American Revolution (1776-1783)
In 1776, the United States declared itself independent of Britain
Those who supported the war were called Patriots
Those who supported the British were called Loyalists
The war raged in the United States for seven years.
The United States had a hidden ally, the French, who arrived in

31. The Loyalist Migration
The Loyalist Migration
Loyalists Leave
The American Revolution pressured people to choose sides.
Loyalist = had British ancestry = people who support the British
Loyalists left the Thirteen Colonies and headed north to Quebec and Nova Scotia
Loyalists = Refugees
A person who seeks protection in another country to escape danger in their own
Also included 3000 black loyalists, 2000 Iroquois people, 3000 German Menonite

32. The Loyalist Migration
The Loyalist Migration
Laws - Grieve
What impact would this migration have on Canadiens (French Canadians)?
Increased the number of British people in Quebec
British people = 10% of population by 1790
Loyalists wanted British laws and customs in Quebec
They claimed to be “British born subjects and have always lived under the government and laws of England”

33.
The Quebec Act (1774)
It made sure the French language and religion would be maintained
Allowed Canadiens to hold government positions once they took oath of loyalty to Britain.
No Catholics could be in government
Extended Quebec’s boundaries to include fur trade territories, without consulting First Nations peoples which was against Royal Proclamation of 1763