1. Bankrupting Terror: The Pacific Rim
Ryan Cronin and Brian Johnson

2. Agenda Overview Abu Sayyaf Jemaah Islamiyah (JI)
East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM)
Methods for Financially Combating Terrorism
Conclusion

3. Area of Operations Abu Sayyaf: Philippines Jemaah Islamiyah: Indonesia
East Turkestan Islamic Movement: China

4. Primary Sources of Financing
Kidnap for Ransom
Counterfeit Shoes (black market)
Aid from other Terrorist Organizations
Suspected aid from Countries trying to sow discord (Iran)

5. Abu Sayyaf
Formed early 1990’s as a split from Moro National Liberation Front
Operates primarily in the Philippines – against the Manila Government
Arabic Militant Group (linked to Al-Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiyah)
Leadership:
Abdurajak Janjalini (90-98) – Founder and a former member if the Islamist Brigade in Afghanistan during the Soviet occupation.
Kadaffy Janjalani (98-06) – Took over when Abdurajak was killed. Was in control and ultimately killed in 06 in a clash with Philippine troops on Jojo Island.
Abu Sulaiman – Killed in 2007 (likely successor to Kadaffy)
Raduallan Sahiron (07- Present): new leader, but not very active in the AS organization
Abu Sayyaf characterized in 08 as “lacking any semblance of Leadership”
Presently consists of approximately members

6. Abu Sayyaf - Attacks
May 2001: Kidnapped 20 people (3 American) and demanded Ransom. Beheaded one American and kept the other two for Ransom. June 2002, Philippino troops tried to rescue the Americans, one was killed in the shootout.
August 2002: Kidnapped Filipino Jehovah’s Witnesses: Beheaded 2/6
October 2002: Bomb Explosion near Philippine Military Base: Killed one US serviceman
February 2005: Bombing in Manila and two other cities, killing 8 and wounding 150
November 2007: Suspected to have bombed a Philippine Congress office that killed the congressman and three staffers.
February 2008: foiled an assassination plot to kill President Gloria Arroyo.

7. Abu Sayyaf Sources of Financing
Primarily Kidnap for Ransom
Aid from Al-Qaeda (none-recently)
Aid from Jemaah Islamiyah (another Pacific Rim Organization).

8. Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) Name first appeared in the 1970s
Officially founded in 1993 by Abu Bakar Bashir and Abdullah Sungkar
Bashir is currently serving a 15-year sentence for propagating terrorism
Active in several countries, but main base of operations is in Indonesia
Their stated goal is to establish a pan-Islamic state across much of Southeast Asia
With Bashir behind bars, the Counter Extremism Project lists the organization as defunct, but there are still 200 active members, most of whom now reside in Syria and Iraq
Jemaah Islamiyah pledged alliegance to ISIS in 2014
-Bashir formed a second group called Jemaah Ansharut Tauhid in 2008 to distance himself from reprecussions of the Indonesian government towards JI
-Arrested in 2011 for supporting a terrorist training camp- denies all allegations

9. Jemaah Islamiyah Organizational Structure
Ultimate goal is a global jihad- Linked to al-Qaeda
Start with attacks on local governments, then move to other countries like Singapore and the Philippines
Divided into four regional units called mantiqis
Each mantiqi is further divided into wakalahs
Headed by an emir (Riduan Isamuddin a.k.a. Hambali, who was arrested in 2003)
Emir resides over a council, which is part of a centralized command that makes policies, controls strategy and operations, and plans for future offensives
Even with this structure the cells are fairly autonomous, allowing them to continue when top leaders are arrested or killed
At its peak, JI had between 500 and several thousand members
Emir is like prince or commander
-Mantiqi 1 operates in Singapore and Malaysia and serves as sources of operation for financing of terror attack and training
-Mantiqi 2 Indonesia- main area of attacks on government agencies and the like
-Mantiqi 3 Philippine island of Mindanao, Malaysian state of Sabah on Borneo, and the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, where cells are responsible for training
-Mantiqi 4 includes Australia and the Western Papua province of Indonesia, which focuses on fundraising

10. Jemaah Islamiyah- Attacks
Most well known attack is the hotel bombings in Bali in 2002
October 2012 bombing of a hotel/nightclub killed 202 people, mostly Australians on holiday
33 suspects were arrested and convicted in connection with the attack
3 of the 4 major suspects were executed in 2008, including Amrozi bin Nurhasyim, who purchased the vehicle and explosives
Linked to series of bombings, including churches, in December 2002 throughout Indonesia and Manila, killing 40 people
October suicide bombers kill 20 and wound 100 on the island of Bali, Indonesia, turning the tide of public opinion against them
July set off explosions at Ritz-Carlton and Marriot in Jakarta, killing 9- It is the first JI attack since the Indonesian government’s crackdown on terror in 2005
Helped fund the 1993 attack on the World Trade Center

11. Jemaah Islamiyah- Funding
Finances through membership donations and criminal and business activities
Has received financial, logistical, and operational support from al-Qaeda
State sponsored by Saudi Arabia
Also receive funds from Indonesians who support their cause, profits from hawala, weapons smuggling, and extortion
Use the Hilal Ahmar Society Indonesia as the “charity” wing of the organization
Sends fighters to Syria
Active as a non-governmental organization in Indonesia since 2011
Attacks have lacked sophistication since 2009, leading experts to lead they are short on funding, although there are no accurate estimates to how much wealth they have accumulated

12. East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM)
Muslim separatist group founded by militant Uighurs, members of the Turkish- speaking ethnic majority in northwest China’s Xinjiang province
First came to light in 2000 when a Russian news outlet reported Osama bin Laden pledged funds to ETIM during a 1999 meeting in Afghanistan
Founded by Hasan Mashum, a Uighur from Xinjiang’s Kashgar region
Killed in a 2003 raid by Pakistani troops
Abdul Haq took over, but was reportedly killed in Pakistan in 2010
Seeks an independent state called East Turkestan that would cover an area including parts of Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, and the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (XUAR)

13. East Turkestan Islamic Movement -Attacks
China keeps tight control on nearly all information pertaining to ETIM and its attacks
China blames ETIM for nearly 200 terrorist incidents in Xinjiang between 1990 and 2001
Accused of bombing buses, markets, and government institutions, as well as assassinating local officials, Muslim leaders, and civilians, resulting in a total of 162 killed
Received attention for threatening the 2008 Beijing Olympics, although no attack took place
In March 2014, a mass knife attack involving at least ten assailants resulted in the death of at least 33 people at a Kunming railway station
Also linked to a 2013 car bombing in Tiananmen Square which killed 5 and injured 40

14. East Turkestan Islamic Movement -Funding
Since the 1990s, China has claimed ETIM is linked to al-Qaeda and the Taliban
A 2002 Chinese government study reported that ETIM received support, money, weapons, and training from al-Qaeda
ETIM leader Hasan Musham has denied this claim, saying the group has no links to al-Qaeda or the Taliban
China’s crackdown on the group has led the most extremist Uyghur seperatists to flee to neighboring countries, where they established ties with jihadist factions, according to a 2013 Strategic Studies Quarterly paper on terrorism in China
An August 2014 report by Chinese state media says that ETIM co-founder Memetuhut Memetrozi was indoctrinated in a madrassa in Pakistan
He is currently serving a life sentence in China for his involvement in terrorist attacks

15. History of the Uighurs
Group of about 10 million, mostly located in China’s Xinjiang province
Achieved statehood twice, from and from
Many complain of forced assimilation into the People’s Republic of China
Human rights groups claim China uses counterterrorism efforts as a pretext for suppressing Uighurs, mainly through restrictions on religious and cultural expression
China’s increased economic activity in the region has also led to native Han Chinese taking jobs from Uighur natives
“Beijing has done little to address the real sources of its Xinjiang problem, which are economic, political, and cultural”
-Council on Foreign Relations Senior Fellow Elizabeth Economy

16. Methods for Combating Terrorist Financing
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
Working to regulate the ever growing new payment systems that have emerged worldwide (i.e. Hawala, etc.)
21 Member countries
Asia Pacific Group on Money Laundering: a Financial Action Task Force-style regional body.
Consists of 41 member countries
Founded in Bangkok in 1997