1. The Renaissance
Europe, a new way

4. 11th to 13th century was good for Europe
Improved agricultural production in Europe
Period of long peace
Trade expansion
Urbanization

5. In the 14th century things got bad in Europe
Wars destroyed agriculture
Food became scarce and expensive
Famine
Epidemics
Peasants revolted

6. In 1347 outbreak of the bubonic plague/the Black Death
It spread throughout Europe
It killed millions
So war, famine and epidemics caused Europe’s population to drop

7. Look up the definition of bubonic plague and epidemic and copy them in your notes. You may use the text book-page 4

8. The Renaissance: Movement of great creativity in art, writing, thought - began in Italy and spread throughout Europe; lasted from around 1450 to 1600

9. Why Italy?
Italy was center of the Roman Empire; artists knew classical period well
Many trade routes passed through north Italy; urban centers grew - Florence, Venice, Milan became centers for exchange of goods, ideas

10. The Italians controlled the European trade with the Asia
Banking, clothing industries brought great wealth to Florence - one of Europe’s largest cities by early 1300s; population 120,000

11. Humanism and the Renaissance
Revival of Classical Learning
Education declined during Middle Ages; instability disrupted learning
During the Middle Ages intellectuals were mainly interested in God-Everything started with God and royalty

12. Paintings during the Middle Ages

16. Paintings during the Renaissance

22. During the Renaissance, intellectuals and scholars wanted to deepen their understanding of humanity
Scholars revived Greek, Roman classical ideas and texts….which gave to humanist movement

23. Humanism-New of seeing the world
Humanists placed people at the centre of ideas, contrary to God and royalty
People were individuals in their own right
God was no longer the sole determinant of humanity
Humans were responsible for their own actions can influence their own destiny

24. Humanists were optimists
They believed in the abilities of humans
They believed in the progress of humanity
Thomas More for example, imagined a completely equal society

25. A New Age of Creativity
Humanism inspired creativity, exploration, experimentation
Led to creative movement that would reach much of Europe

26. Advances in the Arts New Techniques
• Renaissance writers, painters experimented with new techniques, styles - sought more realism; abandoned two-dimensional style of medieval art
• Perspective—art technique that produced three-dimensional appearance

27. Middle Ages vs. Renaissance paintings

29. Leading Figures
• Leonardo da Vinci—born in 1452 near Florence; painter, inventor, scholar - created masterpieces such as The Last Supper, Mona Lisa
• Michelangelo—born in 1475 in Italy; sculptor and painter- Moses, David, Sistine Chapel ceiling are some of his greatest works

30. The Last Supper

31. Leonardo da Vinci

33. Michelangelo

38. da Vinci works

40. An ornithopter

41. Math and Science
Renaissance scholars began using letters in algebraic equations
Scientists put forth new theories about the universe and the Earth
Advances also occurred in fields of anatomy and cartography

42. Heliocentrism
Nicolaus Copernicus idea is one in which the planets revolve around a fixed sun is called heliocentrism
Galileo many years later would expand on Copernicus’s idea
Galileo was put under house arrest by the Catholic church due to heliocentrism

43. The Printing Press
• Johann Gutenberg—inventor of the printing press; printed Bible in 1455
• Printing press—machine that pressed paper against inked movable type; allowed printers to produce numerous copies more quickly, easily

44. Gutenberg Press

47. The Impact of Printing
Books became widespread and cheap; more people learned to read
Renaissance ideas spread more rapidly across Europe
Writers wrote in the vernacular—native language—rather than Latin
Mass printing of Bible allowed people to interpret text themselves

48. Influence of the Humanists
Humanism launched period of experimentation, exploration, creativity
Byzantine Empire collapsed in mid-1400s; scholars fled to Italy
brought knowledge of classical Greek, Roman literature with them
Invention of printing press spread humanist ideas across Europe

49. Inventions The Microscope
• Scientific investigation made easier by invention of new instruments
• Dutch scientist Anton van Leeuwenhoek built microscope in 1670s
- curved glass lenses magnified objects by 250 to 300 times
- first used to observe microscopic life, blood flow through capillaries

50. Early Microscope

51. The Thermometer
Galileo invented water-based thermometer in early 1600s
In 1714, German scientist Fahrenheit made a mercury thermometer
- proposed first formal temperature measurement system

52. The Barometer
In 1643, Galileo’s friend Evangelista Torricelli invented the barometer
- measured Earth’s atmospheric pressure; later used to predict weather

53. Descartes and Rationalism
René Descartes believed in questioning opinions of authorities
- believed every idea should be doubted until proved through reason
- based his approach on simple statement: “I think, therefore I am”

54. Bacon and the Scientific Method
Englishman Sir Francis Bacon believed in rational, organized thought
Scientific method—using experiments, observation to understand the world

55. The Impact of Scientific Rationalism
Ideas of Descartes, Bacon known as scientific rationalism
- by 1700s, it began eroding the power of the Church
- people began to think for themselves instead of relying on the Church