1. Integumentary System
HSI

2. Day 1- STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN 2 basic layers
Epidermis
Outermost covering
Epithelial cells
Avascular
Dermis
True skin
Connective tissue
Vascular

3. EPIDERMIS STRATUM CORNEUM STRATUM GERMINATIVUM Outermost layer
In cells, cytoplasm replaced by KERATIN – making them waterproof.
Flat and scale-like cells that flake off
First line of defense against surface bacteria
Thickest on palms of hands, soles of feet
STRATUM GERMINATIVUM
Innermost epidermal layer
Reproductive layer – cells form and push their way up, become keratinized, and replace the top layer
Contains MELANOCYTES – cells that contain a pigment = MELANIN

4. Melanin  Black, brown, or has a yellow tint –
depending on racial origin
 The more melanin, the darker the skin
 Caucasians don’t have much melanin
in their melanocytes.
 Freckles = patches of melanin
 Albinism = no melanin

5. PAPILLAE Ridges in stratum germinativum that arise from dermis
Create permanent ridges in fingers, palms and soles of feet
These “friction ridges” help with grip
Cause “fingerprints”

6. 7 Functions Protection Absorption Regulation Sensation
Vitamin D production
Excretion
Storage/ Insulation

7. Epidermis- Protection
Protective shell- protects from invaders- bacteria, viruses, etc. Our first line of defense.
Melanin filters UV rays
 The cells of the epidermis are constantly renewing themselves, with dead skin cells falling off by the tens of thousands each minute.

8. Epidermis Stratum Corneum- Dead shedding skin layer
Stratum Germinativum- manufactures new skin cells

9. DERMIS Thicker inner layer that contains: Connective tissue
Blood vessels
Nerve endings
Muscles
Hair follicles
Oil and sweat glands
Fat cells- Adipose tissue

10. Dermis- Absorption
Skin absorption is a route by which substances can enter the body through the skin.
Certain drugs can be absorbed through the skin, dermal route- Nitroglycerine, scopolomine, fentanyl, ointments.

11. Dermis- Regulation
The dermis controls body temperature through the production of sweat and the control of evaporation 
When the body is cold, the red blood cells of the dermis contract, which helps to retain internal body temperature. When the body is hot, the red blood cells expand, allowing heat to be released through the surface of the skin

12. Dermis- Sensation
The nerve endings in the dermis identify five different kinds of sensations: heat, cold, pressure, pain and contact
Nerve Receptors in Dermis
Touch receptors close to the surface
Pressure receptors are deeper

13. Dermis- Production of Vitamin D
 Having enough vitamin D is important for your health because without it your body wouldn't be able to keep up proper levels of calcium and phosphorus. That means you need vitamin D if you want to have healthy, strong bones and teeth.
To make vitamin D, your skin needs adequate exposure to the sun. Your skin contains a cholesterol substance called provitamin D3 that reacts with the ultraviolet-B (or UVB) rays in sunlight to form vitamin D3. From there, the body takes over, first passing the vitamin D through the liver and then through the kidneys, converting it along the way into the form that the body needs
10 minutes of fun in the sun is enough to let your skin do its vitamin D magic.

14. Dermis- Excretion
Sebacous Glands-Secret oil (SEBUM) that protects waterproofs and lubricates the skin.
Connected to hair follicles. Bacteria on the skin eats the oil.
Sudoriferous Glands- Secretes sweat- When mixed with bacteria on the skin it creates an odor.

15. Subcutaneous- Hypodermis
Lies under the dermis (not really part of integumentary system)
Made up of loose connective tissue
Contains half of the body’s stored fat

16. Subcutaneous- Hypodermis Storage/ Insulation
Stores 50% of the body fat
it provides insulation against the absorption of cold and the loss of heat
Is highly vascular- Best route to for some drugs- insulin- stored in fat and slowly released.

17. Appendages of the Skin HAIR Almost everywhere on the body
Length, thickness, type and color varies
Outer layer = CORTEX
Inner layer = MEDULLA
Part under the skin = ROOT
Part outside the skin = SHAFT
FOLLICLE = pocket in epidermis, hair inside
PAPILLA = tuft of tissue in root, contains capillaries

18. Appendages of the Skin
ARRECTOR PILI MUSCLE = smooth muscle attached to hair follicle. How does this muscle cause goose bumps?
NAILS
Nail is formed in the nail bed or MATRIX
Epidermal cells fused together and fill with keratin

19. Hair
An arrector pili muscle is associated with the hair shaft and contracts with cold, fear and emotion to pull the hair erect, giving the skin `goose bumps'.
Protection from the suns rays.

20. Nails To protect the tip of the fingers and to aid grasping.
Pale- anemia, malnutrition
White- liver disease
Yellow- fungal infection
Blue- decreased oxygen
Rippled- arthritis
Cracked or split- thyroid disease, fungus
Puffy nail fold- lypus
Dark- melanoma
Gnawed- anxious

21. Sudoriferous Glands (Sweat Glands)
Perspiration is 99% water
Distributed over the entire skin surface
Large numbers under the arms, palms of hands, soles of feet and forehead
Duct extends to form a pore in the skin, perspiration excreted through the pores
May be activated by heat, pain, fever and nervousness
Average fluid loss is 500 ml per day

22. Sebaceous glands microscopic glands
located adjacent to a hair follicle (shaft)
Secrete an oily or waxy matter, called sebum, to lubricate and waterproof the skin

24. Processing
Guess the Fib, Labeling Activities 1,2 and 3, Processing Structures
Disorders of the Integumentary System WS- look up in textbook

25. Day 2- Disorders
Integumentary System Disorders- look up in textbook. Page numbers are on WS.

26. Warm up What layer of the skin is the hair follicle located?
What structures are an appendages to the skin?
What is the outer layer of the hair called?
What structures are located in the dermis?
What is another name for the matrix of the nail?
What is the inner most layer of the skin?
What layer of the skin contains 50% of the bodies fat (adipose)?
Where are the greatest number of sudoriferous glands located?
What is the substance that the nails are made of?
What gives the skin it’s color?
What layer of the skin would undergo the greatest change if a person gains weight?

27. Skin and Microorganisms
Most skin bacteria associated with hair follicles or sweat glands
Underarm perspiration odor caused by bacteria and perspiration
The best way to prevent the spread of disease is by hand washing
Intact skin = best protection against pathogens, toxins and water loss
Skin generally too dry for microbial growth – they do grow in moist areas

28. Healing
Proteins in blood, such as fibrin, work with the blood platelets already in place and plasma to form a protective covering called a scab. While your skin regenerates underneath the protective layer, the scab protects the wound from outside infection.
The wound is gradually healed as new granular skin tissue begins to generate. Starting at the edges of the wound, the new tissue forms and works its way toward the center until it has covered the entirety of the lesion. Once the wound underneath has sealed itself with another skin layer, the scab will slough off on its own.
If it is only in the epidermis, it will not scar. If it is in the dermis and below it will cause a scar.

30. Skin Disorders

31. ACNE Common/chronic disorder of the sebaceous glands
Sebum plugs pores and then area fills with leukocytes
Blackheads, cysts, pimples and scarring

33. Athlete’s Foot Contagious fungal infection
Usually contracted in public baths and showers
Rx – antifungal agents

34. Genital Herpes Viral Blister in genital area
Spread through sexual contact
Periods of remission and exacerbation
Rx- Acyclovir
Can be passed to newborn during vaginal delivery

36. Dermatitis Non-specific inflammation of skin
Can be rash – reaction to soap, plants, etc.
Can be emotional – stress can cause sin blotches

37. SKIN CANCER Associated with exposure to sun (UV rays)
Most common type of cancer in people
ALBINISM – absence of melanin
Basal Cell
Squamous Cell
Melanoma
MALIGNANT MELANOMA
Occurs in melanocytes
Metastasizes to other areas quickly
Appears as brown or black irregular patch that occurs suddenly
A change in an existing wart or mole may indicate melanoma
Rx – surgical removal of melanoma and surrounding area and chemotherapy

40. Albinism
Absence (or decreased amount of melanin in the skin)

42. Alopecia (baldness) Autoimmune reactions Related to medications Stress
Hypothyroidism
Genetic
Environmental exposures
Chemotherapy or radiation treatment
May be patchy or widespread

43. Alopecia in treament…

44. BURNS
Caused by radiation, sun, boiling water, chemicals, fire or electricity
RULE OF NINES – Measures percent of body burned. Body divided into 11 area, each is 9% of body surface.

45. BURNS FIRST DEGREE Superficial Skin red and dry
Involves only epidermis
Rx – cold water
Healing within one week

46. BURNS SECOND DEGREE Epidermis and dermis
Pain, swelling, redness and blistering
Skin may be exposed to infection
Rx – pain medication, dry sterile dressing
Healing within 2 weeks

47. 2nd Degree Burn

48. BURNS THIRD DEGREE Epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layers
Symptoms – loss of skin, blackened skin
May be life threatening

49. Processing
Processing Disorders, Rule of Nines Math Activity