1. The Cell Types of cells Eukaryotic Prokaryotic All other forms of life
Cellulae (Small room)
The Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function
Types
of cells
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
All other forms of life
Micro-organisms

2. Cell Theory 1- All organisms are composed of one or more of cells.
2- Cell is the basic unit of life.
3- The new cell arises only from pre existing cell.

3. 1). Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in size and complexity
Similarities
All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane.
The semi-fluid substance within the cell is called “cytosol”, containing the cell organelles.
All cells contain chromosomes which have genes in the form of DNA.
All cells have tiny organelles called “Ribosomes” that make proteins.

4. 1). Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in size and complexity
Differences
A major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the location of chromosomes.
In an eukaryotic cell, chromosomes are contained in a true nucleus ).
In a prokaryotic cell, the DNA is concentrated in the nucleoid) without a membrane separating it from the rest of the cell.
In prokaryotic cell, DNA is a single strand or double strand DNA. But in eukaryotic cell, DNA is double strand.

5. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in size and complexity
All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane.
The semifluid substance within the membrane is the cytosol, containing the organelles.
All cells contain chromosomes which have genes in the form of DNA.
All cells also have ribosomes, tiny organelles that make proteins using the instructions contained in genes.

6. A major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the location of chromosomes.
In an eukaryotic cell, chromosomes are contained in a membrane-enclosed organelle, the nucleus.
In a prokaryotic cell, the DNA is concentrated in the nucleoid without a membrane separating it from the rest of the cell.

7. (A)- Prokaryotes
Micro-organisms

8. Prokaryotes Bacteria Archaea Types of Prokaryotes
- Exist in extreme environments (hot and salty)
- Exist in most environments
They are differing in some other structural, biochemical and physiological characteristics

9. Fig The prokaryotic cell is much simpler in structure, lacking a nucleus and the other membrane-enclosed organelles of the eukaryotic cell.

10. In eukaryote cells, the chromosomes are contained within a membranous nuclear envelope.
The region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane is the cytoplasm.
All the material within the plasma membrane of a prokaryotic cell is cytoplasm.
Within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell is a variety of membrane-bounded organelles of specialized form and function.
These membrane-bounded organelles are absent in prokaryotes.

11. Eukaryotic cells are generally much bigger than prokaryotic cells.
The logistics of carrying out metabolism set limits on cell size.
At the lower limit, the smallest bacteria, mycoplasmas, are between 0.1 to 1.0 micron.
Most bacteria are 1-10 microns in diameter.
Eukaryotic cells are typically microns in diameter.

13. Cytokinesis in animal cell:
Cytokinesis, division of the cytoplasm, typically follows mitosis.
In animals, the first sign of cytokinesis (cleavage) is the appearance of a cleavage furrow in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.

14. Cytokinesis in plants, which have cell walls, involves a completely different mechanism.
During telophase, vesicles from the Golgi coalesce at the metaphase plate, forming a cell plate.
The plate enlarges until its membranes fuse with the plasma membrane at the perimeter, with the contents of the vesicles forming new wall material in between.

15. binary fission in bacteria
Cell division involves inward growth of the plasma membrane, dividing the parent cell into two daughter cells, each with a complete genome.

16. B- Eukaryotic Cell

17. Internal membranes compartmentalize the functions of a eukaryotic cell
An eukaryotic cell has internal membranes, which partition the cell into compartments .
These membranes also participate in metabolism as many enzymes are built into membranes.
The general structure of a biological membrane is a double layer of phospholipids and diverse proteins.
Each type of membrane has a unique combination of lipids and proteins for its specific functions.
For example, those in the membranes of mitochondria function in cellular respiration.

18. B- Eukaryotic Cell Plant Cell Animal Cell
Eu: True
Karyon: Nucleus
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
What are the functions of cell organelles ?
Compare between Animal and Plant cell?

19. Euokaryotes: Euo = true karyot = nucleus
Euokaryotes: Euo = true karyot = nucleus . Plant and animals have real nucleus, surrounded with nuclear membrane.
-The Bacteria and the virus’s have no real nucleus they contain nucleiod region (no nuclear membrane) were the very simple genetic material (DNA or chromosome)
-The prokaryotic cells (bacteria and viruses) also have a very simples cell structure cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosome’s and nucleiod area for a very simple genetic material (DNA or RNA) and cilia or flagella.
The euokayotic cells have a very complex structure and many cell organelles (Look at the book page th ed.)

20. الشبكة الإندوبلازمية
المادة الوراثية
نوية
النواة
الجدار النووى
سوط حركى
جسم مركزى
ريبوسوم
حهاز جولـﭽـى
غشاء بلازمى
حلمات دقيقة
ميتوكوندريا
جسم مُحلل
الهيكل الخلوى

21. فجوة مركزية
بلاستيدة خضراء
الجدار الخلوى
ثقوب بينية

22. Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic gene structure
prokaryotes:
polycistronic
transcripts
eukaryotes:
monocistronic
transcripts

23. Prokaryotes “Prokaryote” means “before a nucleus”
No internal membrane-bound organelles – just one little bag of cytoplasm
No nucleus
Usually single-celled (may form simple colonies)
May or may not require oxygen for survival.
Earliest types of cells on Earth
Cell type of all bacteria and Archaea

24. Much tougher than eukaryotes
Can survive almost anywhere – and do!
Have much greater genetic diversity than eukaryotes
Have a cell wall surrounding the cell membrane (different chemistry from plant cell wall)