1. Stereotypes

2. How did you know that you were being unfairly judged?
Why do you think these assumptions were made about you?
How did this experience make you feel?
How did you respond and/or how do you wish you had responded?

3. A few more points about stereotyping
Stereotypes often intersect with racial, ethnic, religious, and other stereotypes
Not all stereotypes are negative
Stereotypes frequently acquire legal status
Those who do not conform face discrimination and violation
Stereotypes about men can hurt women, and vice versa.
***Stereotypes/discriminations hurt people who do not fit into defined expectations of gender

4. Reasons why we stereotype
Maximize simplicity and predictability in complex world
Assign difference
Script identities

5. It is important to name stereotypes
Exposes “hidden harm”
Important because
Exists subconsciously
Frequently accepted as “normal”
Two key questions
How does a law, policy, or practice stereotype men or women?
How does the enforcement of such harm women?
Step 1 - identify
Step 2 – ID how it is perpetuated
Step 3 – name the harm

6. Examples
Women should be mothers and, therefore, they and not men ought to be concerned with matters relating to the bearing and rearing of children.
Constitution of Ireland recognizes that a woman’s life is in the home
From what I can tell, Article 41.2 is still there
Talk about changing to parent in home

7. Examples
Women should dress modestly and therefore an immodestly dressed woman is responsible for her own sexual assault.
Recent SlutWalk demonstrations organized in response to advice to women to avoid dressing provocatively to avoid rape

8. Stereotyping and violence
What is the connection between stereotyping and violence?

9. GAVIN

10. Objectification the seeing and/or treating a person, as an object
there to satisfy a particular need
not thinking about the whole person

11. Objectification
Sexual objectification occurs when a woman’s body, body parts, or sexual functions are isolated from her whole and complex being and treated as objects simply to be looked at, coveted, or touched (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997)
Women frequently face sexual objectification in daily interpersonal interactions and through the active and passive consumption of multimedia

12. Effects of objectification on women
Can lead to self-objectification – internalize society’s perspectives on the female body and begin to view selves through that lens
Self-objectification is correlated with higher rates of body shame and appearance anxiety, disordered eating
Reduced states of productivity and flow

13. Relationship between objectification and violence

14. Study
Hypothesis:
the more men are exposed to objectifying depictions, the more they will think of women as entities that exist for men's sexual gratification
this dehumanized perspective on women may then be used to inform attitudes regarding sexual violence against women

15. Methods and results
Data were gathered from collegiate men sexually attracted to women (N = 187)
associations between men's exposure to objectifying media and attitudes supportive of violence against women were mediated by their notions of women as sex objects
A meditating variable explains the relationship between the independent variable (exposure to media) and the dependent variable (supportive of violence against women)
frequency of exposure to men's lifestyle magazines that objectify women, reality TV programs that objectify women, and pornography predicted more objectified cognitions about women, which, in turn, predicted stronger attitudes supportive of violence against women

16. Relationship between advertisements and violence against women
Advertising is largely subconscious
Many ads objectify women
Influences society’s view of women AND women’s views of themselves
Creates a climate that normalizes sexual violence
May even perpetuate myths about sexual violence

17. Exit ticket
What is the relationship between advertising and violence against women?