1. وَ حَمَلْنَهُ عَلَىَ ذَاتِ َألوَْاٍٍٍٍح َودُسُرٍ َ
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
َََ
وَ حَمَلْنَهُ عَلَىَ ذَاتِ َألوَْاٍٍٍٍح َودُسُرٍ َ
تجْرِي بِأَعْيُنِنَا َجَََزاءً ِلمَن كَانَكُفِِرَ
القمر

2. POLYMERIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS
STRUCTURAL JOINTS IN
POLYMERIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS
By Hossam Sallam, Ph.D.
Zagazig University

3. Objectives
The main goal of this review article is to present a sound background regarding the development of the understanding of the mechanical behavior and the failure modes of the mechanically fastened, snap, bonded, and hybrid joints in polymeric composite materials.

4. LAYOUT INTRODUCTION JOINTS ------ COMPOSITES
MECHANICALLY FASTENED JOINTS
Kt FAILURE MODES
SNAP JOINTS
BONDED JOINTS
Fusion Bonding for Joining Thermoplastic Matrix Composites
ADHESIVE BONDED SIMILAR/DISSIMILAR MATERIALS.
HYBRID JOINTS

5. Introduction
STRUCTURAL JOINTS

6. Introduction Classification Of Composite Materials W.R.T W.R.T
Reinforcement Forms
W.R.T
Type of Matrix
Particle
Polymers
Fiber
Metals
Discontinuous
Ceramics
Continuous
Laminate

8. out line INTRODUCTION MECHANICALLY FASTENED JOINTS SNAP JOINTS
BONDED JOINTS
HYBRID JOINTS
CONCLOUSIONS

9. MECHANICALLY FASTENED JOINTS
Single lap bolted joint
Double Strap bolted joint

10. Types of Circular Hole in Tensioned FRP Plates
OPEN-HOLE TENSION
FILLED-HOLE TENSION WITH/WITHOUT A CLAMP-UP LOAD.
BOLTED JOINT, BOLT-LOADED HOLE WITH/WITHOUT CLAMP-UP LOAD. D W
Tab
(a)
(b) Dw W
Load
Cell
Rigid
Washer
Nut
Bolt
Tab
Washer
Strain Gauge
Load Cell
Specimen
(c)

11. FAILURE MODES OF OPEN-HOLE TENSION PLATES Fiber Breakage
Matrix Cracking
Delamination
Fiber-Matrix Splitting

12. FAILURE MODES OF BOLTED JOINTS e sَSO = PSO /(2et)
sf/ sَo = 0.8 Steel
sf/ sَo < 0.5 FRP P
Net-Tension
sَN = P /([W-dH]t) P
Shear-Out
sَSO = PSO /(2et) P
Transverse
PَSO = fult (et) USA
splitting
Cleavage
PَSO=fult (et)/ Euro
Bearing
PَSO=fult [0.6(e-dH/2)2t] CAN
Pull-out
sَb = P /(dBt)

13. out line INTRODUCTION MECHANICALLY FASTENED JOINTS SNAP JOINTS
BONDED JOINTS
HYBRID JOINTS
CONCLOUSIONS

14. SNAP JOINTS

15. SNAP JOINTS
(a) Composite Transmission Tower (b) Truss Joint

16. out line INTRODUCTION MECHANICALLY FASTENED JOINTS SNAP JOINTS
BONDED JOINTS
HYBRID JOINTS
CONCLOUSIONS

17. Fusion Bonding Techniques
Bulk Heating
Frictional Heating
Electromagnetic Heating
Two-stage Techniques
Co-consolidation
Hot-melt Adhesives
Dual Resin Bonding
Spin Welding
Vibration Welding
Ultrasonic Welding
Induction Welding
Microwave Heating
Dielectric Heating
Resistance Welding
Hot Plate Welding
Hot Gas Welding
Radiant Welding
Infrared Welding
Focused Infrared Welding
Laser Welding
Solar Energy

18. BONDED JOINTS
ADHESIVE-1
Single lap
Double lap
Double strap

19. BONDED JOINTS ADHESIVE-2 Stepped lap Double stepped lap Single scarf
Double scarf

20. BONDED JOINTS Wavy-lap joint main dimensions ADHESIVE-3
AL–6XN steel
T700 carbon/epoxy
The general geometric parameters for a tongue-and-groove joint.
New design with flat, pointed inserts
Wavy-lap joint main dimensions

21. Prevention of failure in Adhesive Joints
Peeling
Peel action
Increase area
Bead end (if possible)
Increase stiffness
Rivet, bolt or spot weld

22. out line INTRODUCTION MECHANICALLY FASTENED JOINTS SNAP JOINTS
BONDED JOINTS
HYBRID JOINTS
CONCLOUSIONS

23. HYBRID JOINTS
Retrofitting schemes

24. out line INTRODUCTION MECHANICALLY FASTENED JOINTS BONDED JOINTS
SNAP JOINTS
HYBRID JOINTS
CONCLOUSIONS

25. CONCLUSIONS
All joining methods present advantages and drawbacks, and they may be more or less suitable to particular application depending on its specific requirements.
Well-established joining technologies for metallic structures are not directly applicable to FRP.
Some adhesives are disposed to degradation by temperature and humidity.
Hybrid joints give better static as well as fatigue performance than adhesive joints in composites.

26. الحمد لله رب العالمين
وشكراَ