1. BELLWORK: December 5th
How did the Exploration Era contribute to the increased power of monarchs?
Define absolutism.
Define divine right.
THINKER: What is an absolute monarchy? Why would countries and citizens support this type of government?

2. Fall Final Study Guide & Exam Info
This Week  Political/Scientific developments post-Ren/Ref
Final Study Guide = 85 points!!!
Historical Vocabulary: 36 terms (1/2 point each)
Important People: 18 people (1 point each)
Study Questions: 16 questions (3 points each!)
Final Exam = 10% of Fall Semester Grade
Fall Final Essay  Cause & Effect (2%)
Monday December 12th!
Fall Final Exam  62 MC questions (w/ sources) & 13 countries (8%)
Tues 12/20 (pd. 2) & Wed 12/21 (pd. 4)
The LAST day to turn in any late/missing work is FRI 12/16

3. Absolute Monarchies
In the 1500’s and 1600’s, European monarchs sought to create powerful kingdoms in which they could command the complete loyalty of all their subjects.
This form of government, known as absolutism, placed absolute, or unlimited, power in the monarch and his/her advisers.
The strength of absolutism rested on divine right – the political idea that monarchs receive their power directly from God and are responsible to God alone for their actions.
An absolute monarchy, it was reasoned, would unify diverse peoples and bring greater efficiency and control.

4. France – Louis XIV Took throne at the age of 5 in 1643
ruled by his two regents: mother and a church official (until he was 23)
Reigned for 72 years – longest reign in European history (died in 1715) 4

5. Louis XIV: Government Policy
He was the source of all authority
“I am the state!”
Strong monarchy due to fear of disorder
Chose top advisors from the middle class - they would not challenge the king
Appointed 2 key advisors – one as economic minister and the other as minister of war 5

9. Louis XIV
Foreign policy – countries were scared of Louis’ desire for expansion
This led to many countries creating alliances with France
Successes
brilliant cultural period
army was one of the strongest in Europe 9

10. Louis XIV: Failures
Building projects and wars left France in severe debt
Conflict between nobles and lower classes will cause the French Revolution 10

11. Absolute Monarchies
For the remaining three monarchs, you are going to independently read and fill in the information on the worksheet.
Follow the model of Louis XIV
Phillip II:
Elizabeth:
Peter the Great:
What you do not finish, is homework. Stay on task!

12. Spain – Philip II
Son of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Isabella of Portugal
Saw himself as the defender of faith – end Protestantism
Built El Escorial, which served as royal court, gallery & monastery 12

14. Philip II
Wanted to increase the Hapsburg family’s power throughout Europe
He involved Spain in many costly European wars
Catholic Spain faced a growing challenge from Protestant England
Developed plans to invade England using the Spanish Armada (armada – fleet of warships)
Successes
Protestant Reformation failed
Kept Spain Catholic
1571 defeated the Ottoman Turks 14

16. Philip II Failures Lost Netherlands
Defeat of the Spanish Navy – was not able to take over England
Costly wars drained national treasury  debt & inflation 16

17. England – Elizabeth I
Time of great culture – artists, poets, theater = Shakespeare
Refused to marry
Assisted by a council of nobles – with her approval 17

18. Elizabeth I
Government laws and policies regulated lives of the common people
England was in debt when she took over
She sold royal lands, monopolies, offices, licenses to pay off debts
Foreign policy – balance of power
Balance of power – a system where each nation helps to keep peace and order by maintaining power that is equal to, or in balance with rival nations 18

19. Elizabeth I Afraid of France – more powerful than England
Relied on other countries for resources
English Channel for defense
Strong navy 19

20. Elizabeth I Successes Kept Spain out of the Netherlands
Scotland became Protestant and ally of England
Ireland became an ally
Improved education & tax reform
Failures
- England still in debt 20

21. Russia – Peter the Great
After taking the throne he traveled throughout England studying their shipyards, factories, mills, and labs
Learned carpentry, surgery, and dentistry
When he returned – he had everyone adopt the ways of the western Europe
Sent Russians to study abroad 21

22. 22

23. Peter the Great New capital city, St. Petersburg - Window to the West
Made great changes to Russian government
Created a central bureaucracy (France)
- local governments now under its control
- Eastern Orthodox Church under its
control 23

24. Peter the Great Created new class of nobles
in exchange for their services to the gov’t, they were given estates
duty to the czar started at age 15 – death
used privileges and force to make nobility accept gov’t service
had total control of serfs (opposite from Europe – they had been gaining freedom) 24

25. Peter the Great Created tax laws to increase gov’t income
Nobles did not pay taxes
Brought agriculture and craft production under gov’t control
Incentives to increase mining and metal working 25

26. Peter the Great Foreign Policy wanted to make Russia a European power
expanded borders
took control of Siberia & Bering Strait
had settlements in Alaska and California
fought Poland, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire for ports 26

27. Peter the Great Successes opened Russia to Europe
strengthened Russia’s role in foreign affairs
brought mainstream European civilization
modernized the military
land acquisition
defeated Sweden in 1721 gained control of the eastern end of Baltic region 27

28. Peter the Great Failures - created a dangerous divide between
nobles and peasants
- divide between those who embraced
European ways and those who did not
- within Russian he only had limited
success – reforms were incomplete 28

29. CLOSURE
Which one of the European monarchs had the most success? Explain!
Which one of the European monarchs was the least successful? Explain!

30. How did Elizabeth I change the culture of England?
Read pgs and answer the following questions about the reign of Elizabeth I.
How did Elizabeth I change the culture of England?
Who advised Elizabeth? What decisions did they reach?
What was the economy like during Elizabeth’s rule? How did the government make money?
Who was England’s major rival at the time? What did Elizabeth do to guarantee England’s protection?
How did Elizabeth I change England’s relationship with Scotland?
THINKER: In your opinion, what was Elizabeth’s greatest success? What was her biggest failure?

31. Explain the foreign policy of Louis XIV.
Describe the economy of France during Louis XIV’s rule.
What was Louis XIV’s biggest failure?
Explain the government policies of Peter the Great. How did he rule? What role did nobles play?
How did Peter the Great change the culture of Russia?
What was Peter the Great’s biggest success?

32. Who was England’s major rival at the time
Who was England’s major rival at the time? What did Elizabeth do to guarantee England’s protection?
Explain the foreign policy of Louis XIV.
What was Louis XIV’s biggest failure?
How did Peter the Great change the culture of Russia?
What was Peter the Great’s biggest success?
THINKER: In your opinion, who was the most successful absolute monarch? Why?