1. Absolute Monarchs in Europe
Chapter 21 (P )

2. Power & Authority
As feudalism declined, stronger national kingdoms in Spain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia emerged under the control of ABSOLUTE RULERS.

3. Absolutism
Absolute Monarchs- hold all the power within their state’s boundaries
Control every aspect of society
Divine Right- God created the monarchy & the monarch acted as God’s representative on Earth

4. Causes of Absolutism
Religious & territorial conflicts = fear & uncertainty
Conflicts -> Growth of Armies -> Increased Taxes
Heavy Taxes -> Unrest -> Peasant Revolts

5. Effects of Absolutism
Rulers regulated religious worship & social gatherings
To control the spread of ideas
Rulers increased the size of their courts
To appear more powerful
Rulers created bureaucracies
To control their countries’ economies

6. Spain- Philip II
Inherited Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, & the American colonies from his father, Charles V

7. Spain- Philip II Increased his empire Increased Spain’s wealth
Wealth supported a large standing army
Philip used to defend Catholicism

8. Golden Age of Spanish Art & Architecture
16th & 17th centuries
Painters: El Greco & Velazquez
Writer: Cervantes, Don Quixote

9. Spanish Empire Weakens
Inflation & Taxes
Cause 1: Population growth
Cause 2: Value of silver drops

10. Spanish Empire Weakens
Other economic issues:
No middle class
Nobles did not pay taxes
Expulsion of Jews & Moors meant loss of artisans & business-people

11. Spanish Empire Weakens
People bought goods from foreigners
Why? Guilds made Spanish goods too expensive
The Problem? Enriching Spain’s enemies

12. Spanish Empire Weakens
Dutch Revolt
Netherlands had a prosperous economy & a large Protestant population (Calvinists)
Philip raised taxes & threatened Protestantism
After 11 years of fighting, northern provinces declared independence

13. United Provinces of the Netherlands
Different from other European states:
Religious Toleration
Republic

14. Dutch Trade Stable government = economic growth Dominate Trade
Had the largest fleet in the world

15. France Religious wars spread chaos throughout France
Catholics vs Huguenots (French Protestants)

16. Henry of Navarre
First king of the Bourbon Dynasty in France
Henry IV

17. Henry IV Converts to Catholicism
Edict of Nantes- Declared that Huguenots could live in peace in France & set up their own houses of worship in some cities
Rebuilds French prosperity

18. Louis XIII
Son of Henry
Weak King
Appointed a strong minister…

19. Cardinal Richelieu Moved against Huguenots Weakened the nobles’ power
Involved France in war to weaken neighboring rulers’ power

20. Skepticism Idea that nothing can ever be known for certain
Expressed doubt toward churches that claimed to have the only correct set of doctrines
Reaction to religious wars

21. Louis XIV Most powerful ruler in French history “L’etat, c’est moi”
I am the state.

22. Louis XIV Cardinal Mazarin rules until Louis comes of age Ended war
Increased taxes on nobles
Strengthened central government

23. Louis XIV Kept power under central control
Canceled the Edict of Nantes
France lost many skilled workers

24. The Sun King
Louis XIV led a luxurious life
Palace at Versailles

27. War of the Spanish Succession
Spanish throne passed to Louis XIV’s grandson
The two largest European powers would be ruled by Bourbon kings
Other countries felt threatened
War- changed balance of power in Europe & New World

28. Thirty Years’ War
Conflict over religion & territory & power among European ruling families
Hapsburgs
Bourbons

29. Peace of Westphalia Weakened the Hapsburg states of Spain & Austria
Strengthened France (awarded German territory)
Made German princes independent of the HRE
Ended religious wars in Europe
Introduced new way of peace negotiation

30. Beginning of Modern States
The MOST IMPORTANT RESULT OF THE THIRTY YEARS WAR!
Abandoned the idea of a Catholic empire ruling Europe
Recognized Europe as a group of equal, independent states

31. Austria & Prussia Emerge

32. Russia- Ivan IV Ivan the Terrible
First Russian ruler to use the term “Czar”

33. Ivan’s “Good Period” Added land to Russia Code of Law Won victories
Ruled justly

34. Ivan’s “Bad Period” Occurs after death of wife
Secret police, killings, taking property
Kills his oldest son & heir

35. Time of Troubles Boyars (landowning nobles) struggle for power
Heirs of czars die mysteriously
Imposters try to claim throne

36. Romanovs Family of Ivan the Terrible’s wife
Michael Romanov, her grandnephew, begins the Romanov Dynasty
Lasts for 300 years

37. Russia’s Isolation Russia has been isolated from western Europe
Middle Ages- looked to Constantinople for leadership
Renaissance & Age of Exploration- ruled by Mongols
Geographically isolated

38. Peter the Great Wants Russia to have a warm-water port
Visits western Europe to learn about customs & manufacturing techniques

39. Westernization Peter’s goal for Russia
Using western Europe as a model for change
End goal: Stronger Russia

40. Reforms Brought Russian Orthodox Church under state control
Reduced power of great landowners
Modernized army
Numbered 200,000 at his death

41. St. Petersburg Establishes St. Petersburg Won after war with Sweden
Creating Russia’s warm-water port

42. England- King James I Elizabeth I had no heir
James Stuart, her cousin, becomes King
Already king of Scotland

43. King Charles I James’ son At war with Spain & France
Problems with Parliament over money
Popularity decreases

44. Charles’ Religion Problem
Offended Puritans by upholding rituals of the Anglican Church
Tried to force Presbyterian Scots to accept a version of the Anglican prayer book
Scots rebelled
Charles needs $

45. English Civil War Charles fled London
Failed attempt to arrest Parliament leaders
Mobs in London
Royalists or Cavaliers- loyal to Charles
Roundheads- Supporters of Parliament

46. Oliver Cromwell
Leads Puritans (Roundheads) to victory

47. Execution of a King
Charles is the FIRST monarch to face a public trail & execution

48. Cromwell’s Rule Abolished Monarchy & House of Lords
Commonwealth- Republican form of government
Became a military dictator

49. Restoration Charles II asked by Parliament to rule
Restoring the English monarchy

50. Habeas Corpus “To have the body”
Every prisoner has the right to be brought before a judge to specify charges & judge decides if prisoner is set free or faces trial
Parliament passes under King Charles II

51. James II Charles II’s brother Catholic Whigs- opposed to James II
Tories- supporters of James II

52. Glorious Revolution
James had offended subjects by displaying Catholicism
Has a son- fear of line of Catholic rulers
His older daughter, Mary, is a protestant
Married to William of Orange (Prince of Netherlands

53. Glorious Revolution
William & Mary, at invitation of Parliament, lead an army to England to overthrow James II
James fled to France
Bloodless overthrow

54. Constitutional Monarchy
Laws limited the ruler’s power
Bill of Rights
Cabinet- group of government ministers or officials
Becomes the center of power & policymaking