1. Good Morning! Please pick up a copy of the papers from the back table
HMWK- Read Ch. 16& do chapter work. See calendar for APQ16 date
Today’s Agenda
Crane-Brinton’s theory of Revolutions
Apply CB theory to American Revolution
English Civil War web quest
Apply ECQ to CB

2. Political Revolutions and Independence Movements
All three major European Revolutions (English, French, & Russian) occurred when literacy rates among the population reached +/-50%
REVOLUTION: Period of drastic change 2. A violent overthrow of a government

3. Voltaire French intellectual & Philosopher Wrote and lectured about
freedom of speech.
Freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government.
Spoke out against the corruption of the French government and the Catholic Church.
"I do not agree with a word that you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it."

4. Thomas Hobbes Man was basically greedy, selfish, and cruel.
‘life would be a state of constant warfare without a strong government to control man's natural impulses.’ - Leviathan
Society creates an unwritten Social Contract and are willing to exchange most of their freedoms for the safety of organized society. 
Hobbes did not believe in revolutions, and supported the idea of absolute monarchs.

5. John Locke Government should be limited.
People could be reasonable and moral.
Two Treatises of Government,
All men have Natural Rights, which are Life, Liberty, and Property,
Purpose of government was to protect these rights.  If government did not protect these rights, the people had a right to revolution. 
Locke supported a limited government that protected people's natural rights.

6. Montesquieu French; Political philosopher
The Spirit of the Laws – Government should divide itself according to its powers, creating a Judicial, Legislative, and Executive branch. Each branch would Check and Balance the others, thus protecting the people's liberty. 

7. What is absolutism & an absolute monarchy?
British Crown Jewels
Absolutism-
A political theory that absolute power should be entrusted in one or more rulers
Results in the creation of absolute monarchies throughout Europe
Absolute Monarchy-
A system of government in which the king or queen has unlimited power and seeks to control all aspects of society
Transfer of power is heredity
In reality absolute monarchs had to balance their power with that of the nobility and the clergy.
Austrian Crown Jewels

8. What is absolutism & an absolute monarchy?
King Charles I of England with hand of God holding crown
Many absolute monarchs believed they received their authority to rule by divine right
What is the Theory of Divine Right of Kings?
God gave the monarchy the right to rule and only God could take that right from them
They are only answerable to God
They do not have to answer to their people
The state of monarchy is the supremest thing upon earth; for kings are not only God’s lieutenants upon earth, and sit upon God’s throne, but even by God Himself they are called gods… Kings justly gods, for they exercise a… divine power upon earth… God hath power to create or destroy, make or unmake at His pleasure, to give life or sent death to judge and to be judged nor accountable to none, to raise low things and to make high things low at His pleasure… And the like power of kings…
-King James IV/I of Britain, 1609
Louis XIV
Versailles

9. What is absolutism & an absolute monarchy?
What caused absolute monarchies to form?
End of feudalism allows for monarchs to gain more power and centralize their authority
Formation of national kingdoms (nation-states)
Creation of national armies and centralized tax systems
Increased wealth, wars and conflicts
Wealth from colonies allows monarchs to spend money on their ambitions
Protestant Reformation causes Catholic Church to lose power & sparks religious conflict throughout Europe
Governments increase size of armies & taxation of peasants
“Look- If I’d had any idea what a constitution was, I never would have signed the darn think, okay?”

10. What is absolutism & an absolute monarchy?
L'état, c'est moi
What is absolutism & an absolute monarchy?
King Louis XIV of France
Absolute monarch
Ruled (4 yrs old when he becomes king)
Boasted L'état, c'est moi (I am the state.)
Limited power of nobles- forces them to live at Versailles (royal palace)
Establishes France as military power in Europe
Canceled Edict of Nantes causing many Protestants to flee & damaging France’s economy
Spends lots of money causing France to go into debt
building of the Palace of Versailles
Fought unsuccessful wars

11. Other Absolute Monarchs areF
Queen Elizabeth I of England
King James I of England
King Philip II of Spain
Queen Maria Theresa of Austria
Tsar Ivan the Terrible of Russia
Tsar Peter the Great of Russia

12. Elsewhere, a few monarchs retained absolute control of their countries while also enacting reform based on Enlightenment ideas. 
These monarchs are called Enlightened Despots. 
In Austria, Maria Teresa and her son Joseph II both introduced reforms based on Enlightenment ideas.  They reduced the tax load on the peasants, provided free education, and ended censorship in their empire. 
In Russia, Catherine the Great  introduced similar reforms.  She enacted laws for religious toleration and free education, and also sought the advice of nobles and peasants in the running of government. However, these reforms seldom outlived the monarchs who had enacted them.

13. FEVER MODEL OF REVOLUTION
Much like an illness, revolutions can also be studied in stages

14. This stage in an illness is when the cause of the sickness first comes
into contact with the individual, infecting them, but not yet causing
any symptoms to present themselves.
What would this stage be like in a revolution?
In a revolution, this stage would involve the political, social, intellectual,
or economic causes. In some cases, these causes could fester for
many years before showing themselves in the form of actual
revolutionary action.

15. This stage in an illness is when sickness starts to affect the person
in observable ways. Temperature may rise. A cough might present
itself. The individual might become weak and queasy.
What would this stage be like in a revolution?
In a revolution, this stage would be the first to involve direct
action resulting from the social, political, intellectual, or economic
causes of the incubation stage. This stage might involve the publication
of works calling for a change, street level riots by the common people,
or more direct attempts at changing the society.

16. What would this stage be like in a revolution?
This is the critical stage in an illness where two things can happen.
The individual either breaks the fever after a heightened stage
of illness or the individual gets progressively worse and does not
recover.
Crisis Stage
In a revolution, this stage would be the make or break part of the
struggle. It may involve where sides for and against
the revolution compete. This conflict competition could take the form of
debate or full-scale war. Successful revolutions survive this stage.
Those that do not are usually considered failed rebellions.

17. This stage involves recovering from the illness. The individual might
be weakened from the experience, but he or she will eventually
emerge healthy and with new knowledge and experience that might
prevent the illness from occurring again.
What would this stage be like in a revolution?
Convalescence
In a revolution, this stage would involve recovering from the extreme
disruptions of the crisis stage. In general, the political, social,
intellectual, or economic causes of the revolution must be addressed in
some way, though not necessarily to the satisfaction of all
revolutionaries.

18. Adapted from Crane Brinton’s book, The Anatomy of Revolution
STAGES OF REVOLUTION
Adapted from Crane Brinton’s book,
The Anatomy of Revolution

19. Government inefficiency
1. Economically weak- the government has deficits and must tax. Examples?   2. Politically weak - the government is ineffective and can not or does not enforce policy. Examples?   3. Intellectuals desert - reformers speak out against the government. Examples?   4. Class antagonism - there is a conflict between the old regime and new forces. Often among the haves and have nots. Examples?

20. 1. Symbolic actions - there is a rallying point against the old regime
1. Symbolic actions - there is a rallying point against the old regime. Examples? 2. Planning - the new forces plan a “spontaneous" revolt. Examples? 3. Role of Force - the government cannot repress the rebellion. Examples?

21. 1. Dual sovereignty - there is a better organized and obeyed government. Examples? 2. Moderates take over mechanism of government make a new constitution: fight a war. Examples?

22. 1. Coup d’état - the illegal government seizes power. Examples. 2
1. Coup d’état - the illegal government seizes power. Examples? 2. Organization - a small number of devoted, disciplined radicals govern. Examples?

23. 1. Forced conformity or punishment 2. Spread the gospel of revolution 3. Causes of terror: habitual violence, pressure of war, economics; class or ideological struggles Examples?

24. 1. First convalescence from the fever of revolution 2
1. First convalescence from the fever of revolution 2. Amnesty or repression 3.Return of pleasure, religion, status quo Examples?

25. Security vs. Freedom
Security
Freedom

26. The Old Regime Economically weak- Politically weak –
British government imposes Stamp Act to draw monies from economically prosperous colonies
Colonists declare “no taxation without representation”
Politically weak –
The colonial system of government in England could not effectively enforce policies on colonies across the Atlantic which were used to self-government. “Salutary Neglect”
Intellectuals desert –
Sam Adams organizes the Committee of Correspondence in 1770
Organization of “Sons of Liberty”
New England town meetings
The ideas of the Enlightenment
Class Antagonism
Quebec Act of 1774 closes Western expansion
Absentee British government vs. present form of colonial self-government

27. First Stages of the Revolution
Symbolic Actions
Stamp Act of 1765
Boston Massacre
Boston Tea Party
Planning
Continued operation of Committees of correspondence and Sons of Liberty
Role of Force
British colonial forces vs. Continental Army

28. Rule of the Moderates (center)
Dual sovereignty –
England vs. the Colonists
Loyalists vs. the Whigs
Moderates take over mechanism of government.
– Merchants organize boycott of British goods (Phil., NYC, Boston)
2nd Continental Congress
appoints Washington head of the army
Sent a delegation to Canada to side with colonists

29. Accession of the Extremists (Left)
Coup d’état
Declaration of Independence 1776
2. Organization –
Continental Army: Lead by Washington, Trained by LaFayette & von Steuben
Supplied by France
Continental Congress

30. Reigns of terror and virtue
Forced conformity or punishment
Limited to harassing loyalists
2. Spread the gospel of revolution
Pamphlets, Ballads, Newspapers
3. Causes of terror:
Pressure of concluding the war continues; the struggle between the Whigs and Loyalists; shortage of goods due to the blockades

31. Thermidore (center) First convalescence from the fever of revolution
Continental Congress in full control of colonies after British surrender.    
2. Amnesty or repression
Expelling Loyalists to Canada
Ending of inherited titles
Payment for confiscated Loyalists lands.   
3.Return of pleasure, religion, status quo
America returns to self-government as enjoyed before the Revolutionary War

32. English Civil War
Charles I
Oliver Cromwell

33. Did you know?
King Charles I was actually imprisoned at Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight in 1647 after fleeing there from house arrest at Hampton Court. He attempted to escape his new prison through a barred window and got his head stuck! He was moved to a new, more secure room where he plotted his escape a second time using the same method- escape via barred window! This time, the window bars were pre-loosened with nitric acid and the guards were bribed. However, the guards betrayed Charles to his captor, Colonel Robert Hammond, who placed extra guards under the king’s window.
Charles I was executed for treason on
January 30, He is the only king in
English history to be executed.
Who is imprisoned in this political cartoon? Why is his head stuck in the bars?
Hampton Court Palace

34. English Civil War & Glorious Revolution
James II
Charles II
William & Mary

35. Today’s Assignment English Civil War web quest
Located on my dragonwhap page
You may work with a partner or by yourself.
Create a google doc & share w/me
OR write on separate paper
Do you think the assignment is about us?
Do you think the assignment is about us?
Yum….History assignments! I’m starving.
Squirrel!
Cavalier King Charles Spaniels