1. Maps for Marine Litter (MicroLitter & Seabed Litter) and Beach Litter
European Commission
Morgan Le Moigne, François Galgani – Ifremer
Loïk Kerambrun, CEDRE
May 15-19th 2017

2. Plan Marine Litter Main Origins & localisations
D10 – Marine Litter in MSFD
D10 - Monitoring Programmes
Seabed Litter, Beach Litter, Microplastics :
Protocol(s)
Item List (s)
Maps examples

3. Marine Litter Main Origins & localisations
Source :
Maritim origin 20%
Terrestrial origin
80%
70 % on the Seafloor
on the shoreline
15 % on Seasurface

4. D10 – Marine Litter in MSFD
‘‘Properties and quantities of marine litter do not cause harm to the coastal and marine environment’’ - TSG-ML
D10C1 (primary): abundance, spatial distribution and qualitative composition of litter on the shore, in the water column, at sea surface and on the seafloor
D10C2 (primary): abundance, spatial distribution and qualitative composition of micro litter on the shore, at sea surface and in seafloor sediment
D10C3 (secondary): Trends in the amount and composition of litter ingested by marine mammals
D10C4 (secondary) : Entanglement by fauna
Marine litter has been an issue of concern by the United Nations Environment Programme since the early 1970s (UNEP, 2011). In Europe, Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) (2008/56/ EC) has been developed in order to protect the marine environment as well as to ensure its sustainable use. The ultimate goal of MSFD is the achievement of Good Environmental Status (GES) for the marine environment and the Clean Seas by 2020, by the Member States. MSFD is based on eleven Descriptors and sets targets for each Descriptor that should be met in order to achieve the GES. Marine litter is addressed as Descriptor 10: ‘‘Properties and quantities of marine litter do not cause harm to the coastal and marine environment’’.

5. D10 - Monitoring Programmes
Seabed Litter
Floating Litter
Macrolitter
Fish Bottom Trawl
Surveys
Microlitter
Implementation
Manta trawl (EVHOE 2015)
Microlitter sample (EVHOE 2015)
Mattress (EVHOE 2015)

6. D10 - Monitoring Programmes
Starting 2018 in France
Criteria in development
Beach Litter
Litter ingested
Entanglement
Macrolitter
Jan van Franeker, IMARES
Rhodes, 2016
Microlitter
Rhodes, 2016

7. D10 - Monitoring Programmes
ML size ranges in monitoring programmes
Lippiatt et al. 2013

8. Seabed Litter
May 15th -19th, 2017

9. Seabed Litter TG-ML Protocol
Fish bottom trawl surveys
Trawling start
Trawling End
1 - Ship sorting room
2 - Sort and weight
Schematically
Surveys are performed using the monitoring protocol proposed by the Technical Group for Marine Litter.
Sampling with bottom trawlers can only be applied in sandy or muddy substrates and not in rocky substrates.
3 - Counting & size
May 15th -19th, 2017

10. Seabed Litter Protocol
OSPAR area  IBTS protocol based on ICES survey protocols :
Different Trawlers : GOV (BalticSea, North Sea, English Channel, North Bay of Biscay) and Bak (Portugal& Spain)
“IBTS” List
Mediterranean area  MEDITS protocol
Trawler used : GOC
“MEDITS” List
Surveys are performed using the monitoring protocol proposed by the Technical Group for Marine Litter.
Sampling with bottom trawlers can only be applied in sandy or muddy substrates and not in rocky substrates.
May 15th -19th, 2017

11. Seabed Litter Protocol
OSPAR, IA, 2017
Surveys are performed using the monitoring protocol proposed by the Technical Group for Marine Litter.
MEDITS sampling Scheme (GCFM areas)
May 15th -19th, 2017

12. Seabed Litter List of Categories & items
MEDITS protocol
7 categories
27 sub categories
IBTS protocol
6 categories
39 sub categories
OSPAR: 39 categories. MSFD classification system, adopted in 2010 the existing 2009
Cefas monitoring categories. 6 main categories of litter, each divided into sub-categories
MEDITS: 37 categories/ sub categories. MSFD classification system,
adapted by Medits group from IFREMER/ and MSFD protocol . 9 main categories of litter,
each divided into sub-categories

13. Seabed Litter IBTS&MEDITS Lists vs Master List TSG-ML
Not in the TSG-ML
Surveys are performed using the monitoring protocol proposed by the Technical Group for Marine Litter.
How to create Maps ?
Using the Master List?
Keeping different lists ?
May 15th -19th, 2017

14. Seabed Litter Maps examples
Galgani et al, MSFD - IA – 2012
Density
Nb/ha
May 15th -19th, 2017

15. Seabed Litter Maps examples
Seabed distribution of marine debris in the greater North Sea collected during a routine ground-fish survey by the Netherlands, for fisheries management purposes. Much of the debris found in this region can be attributed to fisheries (IMARES).
May 15th -19th, 2017

16. Seabed Litter Maps examples
Galgani et al, 2000
Isoconcentration curves
Isoconcentration curves for total debris in the Gulf of Lion. Results were obtained after kriging data from the cruises Medits between 1994 and Units are items per hectare.

17. Seabed Litter Maps examples
C. Ioakeimidis et al. (2014)
Density
Items/km²
In Fig. 2, trawling transects are plotted according to marine litter density (items/km2); so that the thickness of the transect lines is proportional to marine litter density (items/km2). In this way marine litter accumulation can be visualized with detail relatively to its spatial distribution and the corresponding trawling length.
May 15th -19th, 2017

18. Seabed Litter Maps examples
OSPAR – Intermediate Assessment
Map of smoothed total counts (A) and smoothed plastics counts (B) in OSPAR
region II, III and the northern part of region IV (portugal and Spain excluded)
May 15th -19th, 2017

19. Seabed Litter Maps examples
M. Moriarty et al.(2015)
Interpolated distribution map of Litter
= Probability of encountering litter within the survey area, based on presence/absence data
Analyses into the spatial patterns of the litter sampled during the IGFS were carried out in ArcGIS 10.2 © (Esri, 2014). The data was transformed to presence/absence data and interpolated using a radial bases function (RBF) with a completely regularized spline kernel function. A standard neighbourhood search was performed with a minimum number of neighbours set at 10, and a maximum number of neighbours set at 15. This is appropriate due to the random sampling of litter throughout the study area (De Smith et al., 2015; Mitasova and Mitas, 1993). Interpolation methods are applied to estimate the concentrations of pollution at un-sampled sites (Yunfeng et al., 2011). This process allows the development of a mathematical representation of complex curves and surfaces (the spline curve), creating a smooth, gradually changing curve enabling visualisation of areas that consistently had litter present over the 5 year time frame examined. Simply put, a sequence of points is used to construct a curve that passes through the sampled data points (interpolating curve), allowing the production, and analysis of a graphical representation of the litter data in space. The spline function used is:
where In is the natural logarithm, E1(x) is the exponential integral function, and CE is the Euler constant. The smoothing parameter function σ is found by minimizing the root-mean-square prediction errors using cross-validation.
May 15th -19th, 2017

20. BEACH Litter
May 15th -19th, 2017

21. Beach Litter Protocol = OSPAR Guidelines
Survey from water edge to the back of beach.
(Source: OSPAR, Commission, 2010a.)
Beach Litter Protocol = OSPAR Guidelines
100 m area :
All Litter collected
Collection
1 km area :
MacroLitter > 50cm
Quadrats :
Microplastics
1 beach
4 times / year
Survey form
Identification
Counts of items - Mandatory
Weight or Volume – non mandatory
Mandatory
(TSG-ML, 2013)
2018
Surveys are performed using the monitoring protocol proposed by the Technical Group for Marine Litter.
Sampling with bottom trawlers can only be applied in sandy or muddy substrates and not in rocky substrates.
May 15th -19th, 2017

22. Beach Litter Protocol = OSPAR Guidelines
Beach characteristics
items
Photo guide
Marine Litter Beach Documentation and Characterisation Form of the OSPAR Marine Litter Beach Questionnaire (OSPAR commission 2010b)
May 15th -19th, 2017

23. Beach Litter OSPAR List vs Master List TSG-ML
OSPAR : 12 classes
TSG10 : 9 classes
Plastic / Polystyrène (54 items)
Rubber (4 items)
Cloth (5 items)
Paper / Cardboard (9 items)
Wood (machined) (9 items)
Metal (15 items)
Glass (3 items)
Pottery / Ceramics (3 items)
Sanitary waste (6 items)
Medical waste (3 items)
Faeces (1 item)
Other pollutants (2 items)
Artificial polymer materials (92 items)
Rubber (10 items)
Paper / Cardboard (10 items)
Cloth / textile (9 items)
Wood (processed / worked) (11 items)
Metal (21 items)
Glass / ceramics (10 items)
Other (3 items)
Microparticle (Artificial polymer mat.)
TG-ML 2013 recommended Marine Litter Beach Documentation and Characterisation Form of the OSPAR Marine Litter Beach Questionnaire (OSPAR commission 2010b)
OSPAR: 121 items
TSG: 166 items (+ mP)
Source: L. Kerambrun - Cedre
May 15th -19th, 2017

24. Beach Litter Maps examples
MSFD - Initial Status 2011 – France - SRM Manche Mer du Nord
Mean values for the differents litter items
May 15th -19th, 2017

25. Beach Litter Maps examples
Litterbase - AWI
Choise/option of one categorie or item like in this maps created by AWI in the Litterbase – No database and so no datasets, just an overview of what it is existing but not normalized at all and so not comparable.
Or we should choose to represent the top 10 of items the most frequently encountered
May 15th -19th, 2017

26. Beach Litter Maps examples
S.E. Nelms et al. 2017
I couldn’t go further in the explanation of the method used in this publication but I wanted to show it to you in case it turns out to be relevant
Few spatial representations for Beach Litter
May 15th -19th, 2017

27. MICROLITTER
May 15th -19th, 2017

28. Manta/Bongo trawling Implemented: MICROLITTER Protocol
During Fish bottom trawl surveys
During specific surveys by NGOs, Associations
May 15th -19th, 2017

29. MICROLITTER Protocol 1 - Sample decantation 2- Sifting
3 - Sorting of samples by size class
4 – Counting binocular loupe
5 – Drying
& Weighing with precision balance
O. Gerigny, Ifremer LER/PAC
May 15th -19th, 2017

30. MICROLITTER TG-ML List EMODnet addings

31. MICROLITTER Maps examples
Galgani et al., 2012 – MSFD Initial Assessment
1 survey in 2010
Density
Number/km²

32. MICROLITTER Maps examples
Galgani et al., 2012 – MSFD Initial Assessment
1 survey in 2010
Density
Weight/km²

33. MICROLITTER Maps examples
J. Gago et al., 2015
Density
Particules/ha
May 15th -19th, 2017

34. MICROLITTER Maps examples
F. Faure et al., 2015 (1)
Density
Particules/km²

35. MICROLITTER Maps examples
F. Faure et al., 2015 (2)
Distribution of microplastic types

36. MICROLITTER Maps examples
Eriksen et al., 2014
May 15th -19th, 2017

37. MICROLITTER Maps examples
Van Der Meulen et al., 2015
May 15th -19th, 2017

38. Thank you for your attention
May 15th -19th, 2017