1. BY: AVA WOO AND GABBY NASSIM
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
BY: AVA WOO AND GABBY NASSIM

2. THE MAIN FUNCTION
Makes up the framework of the body and allows us to move when our muscles contract.
Supports the body
Helps with movement
Protection
examples: rib cages protect the heart, skull protects the brain and vertebrae protects the spinal cord
Blood cell production
Calcium storage
Endocrine regulation (endocrine = production of hormones)

3. MAIN PARTS OF THE SYSTEM
Bones
Joints
Ligaments
Tendons
Cartilage

4. BONES Serves as a structural frame for the human skeleton
206 bones in the human body
Works with ligaments, tendons and joints to provide movement of the skeleton
Protects inner organs
Rib cage protects the lungs
Vertebrae protects the spinal chord
Skull protects the brain
Etc…
Houses bone marrow
Bone marrow is the main source of blood formation
Source of calcium

5. JOINTS Located where bones intersect
They are strong connections that join bones, teeth and cartilage to one another and they control the motions of the bones
Many different types
Fibrous joint
fixed joint (can’t move) Ex: in the skull
Cartilaginous joint
partially movable joints Ex: spinal column and rib cage
Ball-and-socket joint
allows movement up, down, left, right, and full 360 degree movement. Ex: hip and shoulder
Saddle joint
allows movement with bending and extending. The thumb is the only example of this

6. JOINTS
Hinged joint
movement in only one direction or plane Ex :elbow, fingers, toes and knee
Gliding joint
two or more rounded bones can rub against each other and move without causing friction. Ex: wrist and ankle
Pivot joint
allow rotation Ex: allow the palm and the head to rotate
Condyloid joint
up, down, and side-to-side motions. Ex: wrist

7. LIGAMENTS They are in every joint in the body
they are elastic and can change shape and lengthen when needed
many functions
determine how much joints can move Ex: ligaments in the vertebrae limit the motion of the spine
keep joints from becoming dislocated
protect the bones that form joints
connect bones to bones
located in every place that bones meet

8. TENDONS Main connective tissues hold the whole skeletal frame together
connect muscles to the bones
They vary in sizes
size is determined by genetics
longer tendons are usually in shorter calf muscles and the back of the heel
gives more advantage in running and jumping
enable free, flexible movement in the body
all physical activities are made possible by tendons
made of regular, dense tissue and collagen fibers placed parallel to each other and in the direction of pull in the tendon

9. CARTILAGE
Softer/ more flexible bones that connects tissue and they protect bones from rubbing against each other
Many different kinds
Hyaline Cartilage
Lines the bones in your joints allowing you to move freely
most common type of cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
more flexible than other types
keeps tubular structures open Ex: ears and larynx
Fibrocartilage
most rigid type and strongest type
connects high stress areas Ex: between bones, ligaments and tendons
Many functions
provides structure for nose, ears, etc..
helps to cushion your joints

10. OSTEOPOROSIS
Bone disease that occurs when too much bone in the body is lost, or the body is not making enough bone
very common
about 54 americans have Osteoporosis or low bone mass
Indicators
you can't feel bones weakening so it's known as a “silent disease”
breaking a bone, forward curving of the upper back or getting shorter are all symptoms
Effects
bones become weak
bones could break easily
mild cases: break from falling
severe cases: break from small bumps or sneezing

11. SCOLIOSIS Most commonly found in adolescent aged girls
Condition of side to side spinal curves
on an x ray the spine will look more like an “S” than “C”
can make a person's shoulders, hips, or waist look uneven
the vertebrae can also be rotated making one shoulder blade look more prominent than another

12. EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE SYSTEM
Deficiency of minerals in an area can cause problems with your teeth
Calcium
Magnesium
Your bones need these minerals to stay strong, and without them problems can occur.
Changes in weather can cause joint pain
Warm environment to cold environment
Damp environment to cold environment

13. HOW THE SYSTEM AFFECTS OTHER BODY SYSTEMS
The skeletal system affects the nervous system in many ways
The skull protects the brain (an important part of the nervous system) from injury
The vertebrae protects the spinal cord (another important part of the nervous system) from injury as well
The brain and nervous system also regulate the position and movements of the skeletal system
The skeletal system provides calcium for the nervous system as well

14. HOW THE OTHER BODY SYSTEMS AFFECT THE SKELETAL SYSTEM:
The interaction between the skeletal system and the muscular system is so constant that sometimes they are referred to as one system.
(Musculoskeletal system)
Skeletal muscles must be attached to something at either end to give them support while they contract.
The endocrine system produces hormones that affect the way the bones grow.
The bones are reliant on the integumentary system for vitamin D production.

15. Over ½ of the body's bones are in the hands and the feet.
FUN FACTS
Over ½ of the body's bones are in the hands and the feet.
Babies have more bones than adults.
Ancient Egyptians developed the world's first functional prosthetic bone.

16. WORKS CITED
Anderson, Norene. "Types of Joints in the Skeletal System." Livestrong.com, Leaf Group Ltd, 2 May 2011,
"Skeletal System." healthline.com, Healthline Media, 2017,
Williams, Kerry L. "Body Systems & How They Work Together." Livestrong.com, Leaf Group Ltd, 12 Feb. 2017,
Zimmerman, Kim Ann. "Skeletal System: Facts, Function & Diseases." Livescience.com, Live Science Contributor, 11 Mar. 2016,
"Function of Ligaments." New Health Guide. N.p., 12 Dec Web. 30 Mar. 2017,<
"What Is Cartilage?" Wonderopolis. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Mar < "What Is Osteoporosis and What Causes It?" National Osteoporosis Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Mar <
"Scoliosis Research Society." SRS: Scoliosis Research Society. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Mar <

17. QUESTIONS?