2. Vocabulary List 7 Skyscraper Party Boss Tenement Graft
Political Machine
Individualism
Social Darwinism
Philanthropy
Settlement House
Americanization

3. Second Industrial Revolution
Urbanization & Social Reforms

4. I. Background A) Different viewpoints on Wealthy:
Robber Barons - exploiters of working class using monopoly to increase wealth
Captains of Industry - promoted technology and development, moving country forward
B) Period is called “The Gilded Age”
Novel by Mark Twain
Era of political & business corruption
C) Americans migrate to cities
Skyscrapers
Electricity, plumbing, public transportation
Better economic opportunity

5. II. The Political Machine
A) Def: Organized group, headed by city boss, that controlled a city.
Police, Fire and Sanitation dept control
Provided city dwellers with vital services
Bosses became corrupt
B) Methods
Graft - political influence for $$$
Fake votes (dead, children)
Kickbacks - higher fee → Some goes back to boss

6. II. Political Machine (cont…)
C) Boss Tweed (William Tweed) - eventually went to prison

7. III. Urbanization A) Cities began to grow to 1 million people
Chicago, NYC, Philadelphia
Came from farm areas
B) Problems:
Overcrowding
Disease
Tenements - no fresh air or sanitation.
Slum conditions encouraged crime and drunkenness

8. IV. Response Movements A) Social Darwinism
Individualism - rags to riches
Supports Laissez-faire capitalism
Survival of the fittest
B) Gospel of Wealth
Wealthy americans should engage in philanthropy
Ex: build schools and hospitals
C) Progressive Movement
Transition into government intervention
Fought for farmers, workers, consumers, city dwellers
D) Institutions formed:
Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA)
Salvation Army
Public Education

9. Teddy Roosevelt

10. Why Teddy is the best: Spoke French/German + Harvard Educated
Went mountain climbing for his honeymoon
Wife/Mother died → He became a cowboy
Was Commissioner of NYPD
He and his rough riders won the Spanish American war in Cuba
Became Governor of NY
Became president after McKinley shot in 1901 (he was VP)
Broke up trusts
Booker T Washington first black in white house
Won Nobel Peace Prize for negotiating end of Russ-Japanese war
Shot while giving a speech, still read on
Made his own political party - bull-moose party

11. Photo of Teddy:

12. V. Government Action Against Monopolies
A) Sherman Anti-trust act
illegal to consolidate business if killed competition
Teddy used it to break Tobacco, Oil & Steel trusts
B) Clayton Antitrust Act
No agreements between companies to fix prices
Cant be director in competing corporations
C) Federal Trade Commission - watchdog over corporations