1. Database
L. Grewe

2. Database Desired Features of a Database Management System (DBMS)
Easy to store, retrieve, modify data
Security
Handle Concurrent Access
Data Recovery
Consistent Data
Metadata should be available.

3. History Flat-FileNot really a database, simply store data in files.
NetworkStores data in a network structure.
HierarchicalStores in a hierarchical structure.  Old, not used anymore
RelationalStores data in tables.  Makes use of the Math concepts of relations.  Since 1970s.  Example Oracle.   
Object-orientedExpands upon Relational model to handle more complicated kinds of data in non-transactional manners.

5. Accessing Database Administration
Many tools
Some computer applications, some web interfaces
Example of desktop application TOAD by Dell allows access to multiple databases
Example of web interface --

6. Many databases

7. SQL or NoSQL
SQL – structured query language -- used to access Relational databases

8. CAP theory Consistency Availability Partition tolerance
Says it is impossible for a distributed data store to simultaneously provide more than two out of the following three guarantees:[1][2][3]
In other words, the CAP theorem states that in the presence of a network partition, one has to choose between consistency and availability.
Consistency
Availability
Partition tolerance
Every read receives the most recent write or an error
Every request receives a (non-error) response – without guarantee that it contains the most recent write
The system continues to operate despite an arbitrary number of messages being dropped (or delayed) by the network between nodes

9. Which database SQL or NoSQL? Cost? Knowledge? Scaling? Features?
Availability?

10. Following trends
Search, read, meetups

11. We are not talking about data in cloud or distributed data
Take CS 6320 to learn about these kinds of topics
Your text here

12. Accessing Databases for Admin
Use DBA tool –desktop apps and web interfaces

13. Relational Databases
Data is organized in tables.  Each table consists of a set of columns, each column
representing some item of information.  
A relation represents an operation on a database described by Mathematical
Set Operations such as unions and joins.
A Union B  = all the elements of set A and B.  A Joint B = only the comment elements of set A and B.
  For example, below is a table representing information about software distributors.   
They keys here are "Name, Street Address, City, State, Distribute"
Search a database by searching against certain key values which represent  
For example, we may want to find all the entries in the Database that have the key State = CA. 
To search a database you must use the language the Database understands. 
Most relational databases understand a version of a scripting language called SQL.
Name
Street Address
City
State
Distribute
Butch Grewe
100 Campus Dr.
Seaside CA
Microsoft,  Adobe
Doug MacIntire
100 6th Street. NY
Enterprise Suite

14. Relational Database Relational Databases Tablespace Table
Is a set of segments and consist of one or more data files. 
May contain many kinds of multiple data objects such as tables, indexes, etc.
EXAMPLES in Oracle
System tablespace = Contains the data dictionary, stored procedures, triggers,
and system rollback segment.  Used for system maintenance and operation.
Data tablespace= Stores user data in tables and indexes.  User data tablespaces
don't need to be online all of th time unlike system tablespace.  Need to be
online in order to acces data in them. Note: There is often a defined default
tablespace for each user. A user does not have to specify the tablespace when
creating new objects, like tables, that they want to be in the default tablespace.
The DBA sets up what the default tablespace is when creating a user.
Temporary tablespace= Used by operations, such as sorting, unions, joins, that
take up temporary space.
Table
Sits inside of a particular tablespace.  Contains data in a table (row, column) format.
When creating a table you can specify the tablespace it is to be inside of. If not the
default tablespace for the user is assumed.

15. How to think about databases
TIP: Think of a database as a filing cabinent: the drawers withing the cabinet are tablespaces and the folders in those drawers are datafiles, and the pieces of paper in each folder are tables or other database objects, information written on a piece of paper is the data stored in the table.

16. Relational DB and SQL
Structured Query Language = script language to manipulate a database

17. SQL: create table Using SQL*Plus to create a Table
below are two examples of creating tables. The second specifies the tablespace the table should appear in, used if you have more than one tablespace. It also specifies the initial size, how it grows in size and minimum number of extents allocated for it.
SQL> create table customer(
last_name       varchar2(30) not null,
state_cd          varchar(2),
sales                 number);
SQL> create table products(
name              varchar2(30) not null,
description    varchar2(300),
price             number(4,2) )
tablespace     productspace
storage(initial 25k next 25k minextents 1);
I prefer to use a GUI admin tool like TOAD or web interface to create table

18. SQL: Alter a table Using SQL*Plus to alter a Table
Use the SQL alter command to add or drop columns in a table after it has been created.
Suppose we have a table customer that has the following fields: last_name, state_CD, sales
To add a column tax_exempt_id
SQL>alter table customer
add tax_exempt_id       varchar2(20);
To drop the column sales
SQL> alter table customer
drop column sales;

19. CRUD – Create, Read, Update, Delete
SELECT
select * from table
 select all the keys/fields from the table
select Distribute from table
select only the field Distribute from the table
select * from table  where Name is 'Butch Grewe'
Select all keys/fields from table where the key/field Name = Butch Grewe

20. CRUD – Create, Read, Update, Delete
INSERT
insert into table  values ('James Bond', '1 Eiffel Tower', 'Paris', 'France','Spy Software')
Insert into the table, the data entry having the following key/field entries in order:  Name = James Bond  Street Address = 1 Eiffel Tower  City = Paris  State = France (huh???)  Distribute = Spy Software

21. CRUD – Create, Read, Update, Delete
update table set age=6 where Name='Butch Grewe'
updates any records with the name 'Butch Grewe' to have the value of 6 for the field age.

22. CRUD – Create, Read, Update, Delete
delete from table where age=10
From table, deletes all records/rows that have the field of age with the value 10.

23. Conditional clauses The where clause where a1=x and a2=y
ALL of the conditions must be true
where a1=x or a1=y
Only one of the conditions need to be true
where a1=x or a2 >z
where a1 between x and y
Range of values
where a1 not between x and y
NOT in range of values
where a1 in (x, y, z)
Must be in the list of items
where a1 not in (x,y,z)
Must NOT be in the list of items.
where a1 != x
Must be NOT equal to value.
where a1 like 'M%'
Pattern Search....means a1 must start with a capital M.
where a1 like '%son%'
Pattern Search....means a1 must have somewhere in its value the string 'son'. Examples that would be good: Furgeson, Forsonning, etc.
where a1 not like 'M%'
Pattern Search....means a1 does NOT start with a capital M.

24. Order clause the order by clause select * from table order by name
Order alphabetically in descending order the records in the table, by their value stored in the column name.

25. Oracle a relational database
Identification
You identify an Oracle Database by the following information:
Host IP = IP address where Oracle Database under consideration is installed.
Port = Port number of Oracle Database installation.
SID = ID of the particular tablespace that describes the database you wish to access.
The following shows an example of some items that could be listed in this file:   
The first entry means the ( ) server under port number 1521,
Oracle was installed with an SID = labdb to identify the table space under question
and that TCP communications protocol should be used in accessing it. 
The second entry means that on the ( ) server under port number 1521,
Oracle was installed with an SID = intprog to identify the tablespace  
labdb.world =      (DESCRIPTION =          (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP) (HOST = ) (PORT = 1521))          (CONNECT_DATA = (SID = labdb))        )
INTERNETPROG.WORLD =      (DESCRIPTION =          (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP) (HOST = ) (PORT = 1521))          (CONNECT_DATA = (SID = intprog))        )

26. Oracle data types Datatype Description Maximum Size CHAR
fixed-length cahracter field, paded with trailing blanks
char(size)                  char(30) //30 characters
2000 bytes
VARCHAR
Currently, same as CHAR
varchar(size)           varchar(30)
VARCHAR2
Variable length character field
varchar2(size)
4000 bytes
LONG
Variable length character data
2GB
NUMBER
Variable length numeric data
number OR
number(l,d)      where "l" stands for length and "d" for the number of decimal digits
number(5,2)       can store numbers like
1x10^-130 to 9.99x10^125
BOOLEAN
holds values of true or false only. This is actually a PL/SQL data type.
DATE
Data time values
represents using format DD-MON-YY (e.g. 09-SEP-0 which means September 9, 2004).
Dec 31, 9999
RAW
Variable length raw binary data
raw(size)
20000 bytes
LONG RAW
Variable-length raw binary data
2 GB

27. Datatype
Description
Maximum Size
VARRAY
New to Oracle 8i, an array that is an ordered list.
varray(num_elements) of type
e.g. varray(100) of number     // this is an array of                                                    maximum of  100                                                    numbers.
ROWID
Row ID variable type
6 bytes
User Defined Type
User can define their own data type. You do so using the following SQL command. As a user, the DBA had to give you the privilege to be able to create user-defined data types.
create type  your_data_type_name as XXXX
where XXX specifies the kind of info you want represented as your_data_type. Here are two examples:
create type price_list as varray(100) of number;
create type room_type as object(
capacity        number,
podium         boolean,
computers    number);

28. Oracle built in functions… go to oracle.com for more
Meaning
ABS
absolute value
CEIL
ceiling
FLOOR
the floor
MOD
modular
POWER
x to power of y
ROUND
round off the number
SIGN
retrieve the sign
SQRT
square root
TRUNC
truncate
AVG
take the average
MAX
the maximum of set
MIN
the minimum of set
STDDEV
calculate standard deviation
SUM
take the sum
SYSDATE
get the current sytem date

29. PHP and connecting to Oracle (or any similar relational database)
See  api and some additional examples
<?php $user="login_CHANGE_THIS"; $password= "password_CHANGE THIS"; $host = "mcsdb2.sci.csueastbay.edu:1521/MCSDB2"; //CHANGE THIS //setup sql query $query = "SELECT * FROM DOGS WHERE AGE > " echo "Query is = " .$query; echo "<br>"; echo "Host is = " .$host; echo "<br>"; echo "<br>"; //connect to database, where tsnames.ora is setup $connect_obj = oci_connect($user, $password, $host); if($connect_obj) { echo "connected okay"; } else { $err = oci_error(); echo "Oracle connection error " . $err['message']; return; }
Setting up host and account information
To connect to an Oracle instance
SQL query to table DOGS to retrieve all
Connect to Oracle and if any problems report error

30. This is about executing the SQL statement and catching any exceptions
Continued……
//create sql statement $sql_statement = oci_parse($connect_obj, $query) ; //execute statement try{ $r = oci_execute($sql_statement, OCI_COMMIT_ON_SUCCESS); if(!$r) { $p = oci_error($sql_statement); echo " <br> error in execution " . oci_error($p); } } catch(Exception $e) { echo "<br>Failed to get database info" . $e->getMessage(); }
SQL statement object created using then oci php module
Execute the SQL statement & results returned to $r
If error report
Catch any exceptions –like database not available, table doesn’t exist, etc

31. Free up the SQL statement and close connection – these are open resources and very important to free
Continued……
//close the connection oci_free_statement($sql_statement); //need to free so close can work //without this it will not close //until this script ends if(!oci_close($connect_obj)) {echo " oci connection not closed!!!"; } ?>

32. What does this php code do?
Very inefficiently (bad to do) makes a direct connection to data base, makes a single query and closes connection