1. FORWARD CONTRACTS

2. Foreign
Buyer
Indian
Exporter
Order/LC
For T-Shirts
Shipment after 1 –year.
Price $ 10 per T-shirt
Exporters P/L calculations : T-Shirt Cost = Rs Profit Rs 10
Export Invoice Price = Rs 390
Exchange Rate as on ……. $ 1 = Rs 39.00
Therefore USD Price per T-Shirt : $ 10

3. Exporter
Bank A
Request for Forward Contract,
Value 1 year forward

4. 1 2
Borrow
Sell
$ 0.95
$ 0.95
Bank X
Bank A
Bank Y
Rs 37.05 4 3
Receive Maturity Proceeds
Deposit/Lend
Rs 37.05 Rs
Bank Z

5. Exporter
Forward Exchange Rate
1 $ = Rs 39.20 5
1$ Bill
Rs ( ) 2 1
Borrow
$ 0.95
Sell
$ 0.95
Bank X
Bank A
Bank Y RS
Repay $ 1.00 Loan + Int 4 6 3
Receive maturity
Proceeds incldg Int Rs
Lend/Deposit
Rs 37.05
Bank Z
Spot Exchange rate 1 $ =
Rs 39.00

6. 3 Months later
Spot $/INR = Rs (say)
After the Exporter booking a Forward Contract at 1$ = Rs (value 1 year Fwd)
Foreign Buyer cancels the order placed with the Exporter
Exporter
Bank A
Request to cancel Forward Contract

7. Exporter
Rs 2.99 ( Gain to Exporter without making any Exports ! ) 4
Buy
$ 0.96 3
Bank Y
Bank A 2
Bank X
Prepay $ loan + Int =
$ 0.96 =(Rs 0.50 ) Rs
33.60 1
Break
deposit
Rs+ Int ( )
Spot Exch Rate :
1$=Rs 35.00 1
Bank Z
Spot Exch Rate
1 $ = Rs.35.00
Gain on Cancellation of Fwd Contract: Rs Rs = Rs 3.99
Less Interest on $ loan converted into Rs = Rs 0.50
Less Bank A’s operating Expenses + margin Rs 0.50
Amount payable to Exporter Rs 2.99

8. 3 Months later
Spot $/INR = Rs (say)
After the Exporter booking a Forward Contract at 1$ = Rs (value 1 year Fwd)
Foreign Buyer cancels the order placed with the Exporter
Exporter
Bank A
Request to cancel Forward Contract

9. Exporter
Rs 6.61 ( Loss to Exporter) 4
Buy
$ 0.96 3
Bank Y
Bank A 2
Bank X
Prepay $ loan + Int =
$ 0.96 =(Rs 0.50 )
Rs 43.20 1
Break
deposit
Rs+ Int ( )
Spot Exch Rate :
1$=Rs 45.00 1
Bank Z
Spot Exch Rate
1 $ = Rs.35.00
Loss on Cancellation of Fwd Contract: Rs Rs = Rs (5.61)
Add Interest on $ loan converted into Rs = Rs (0.50)
Add Bank A’s operating Expenses + margin Rs ( 0.50)
Amount Payable by the Exporter Rs (6.61)

10. IN SUMMARY
A Forward Contract booked by an Exporter seeks to protect his profitability from his business operations (Export of T-Shirts in the present examples)
As long as the Forward Contract is not cancelled, and the contracted export takes place, the Exporter does not make any gains/losses on account of the fluctuations in the foreign currency versus INR (if exports invoiced in foreign currency
If a Forward Contract(Exports) is cancelled, there could be a gain for the Exporter , if the foreign currency (vs INR) price depreciates as on date of cancellation as compared to the spot rate on date of booking the contract.
If a Forward Contract(Exports) is cancelled, there could a loss to the Exporter ,
if the foreign currency (vs INR) price appreciates as on date of cancellation as compared to the spot rate on date of booking the contract.

11. MOVEMENTS OF USD/INR SPOT RATE DURING THE PERIOD UNDER EXAMINATION

12. Periods when an Exporter could have GAINED on account of Export Fwd Contract Cancellations :
Period USD/INR Max Depreciation of USD/INR
_____ From To Max Gains to Exporters (Gross) – –
6.86

13. Periods when an Exporter could have LOST on account of Export Fwd Contract Cancellations :
Period USD/INR Max Depreciation of USD/INR
_____ From To Max Loss to Exporters (Gross) – –
5.76

14. Disadvantages of Forward Contracts
Locks an Exporter into a fixed rate of exchange ( 1 $ = Rs say )
Exporter has to deliver the underlying whatever may be the Exchange Rate on date of delivery .

15. Forward Contract
USD/INR as on delivery date
Fx P/L for unhedged Exporter
Fx P/L for hedged exporter1 4
1$ = Rs 39.00
1 $ = Rs 49.00
+ Rs 10.00
Nil
1 $ = Rs 29.00
- (Rs 10.00)
3. Loss on cancellation , if spot USD/INRhigher than Rs on date of cancellation

16. Advantages in booking Forward Contracts
1. No upfront fees
2. Fx risk due to currency fluctuation completely eliminated
3. Profit on cancellation if spot USD/INR lower than Rs on date of cancellation

17. Options A better hedging tool
PUT OPTION : Gives the buyer (exporter) the RIGHT but not the OBLIGATION to deliver (SELL) the underlying (USD/INR) on a specified future date at a specified exchange rate fixed now (1 $ = Rs39.00 say ) .
CALL OPTION : Gives the buyer (importer) the RIGHT but not the OBLIGATION to take delivery (BUY) underlying (USD/INR) at a specified exchange rate fixed now (1 $ = Rs say )

18. OPTION PREMIUM
The buyer of the option pays an upfront fee (premium) to the seller of the Option

19. Advantage of Put Options over forward contracts for and Exporter
Locks in forward rate (at 1$ = Rs39.00 say )
Unable to enjoy upside ( 1 $ = Rs )
The exporter is under no obligation to exercise option and deliver underlying at contracted rate.
Will exercise Option and deliver underlying if rate is say 1 $ = Rs 35.00
Will not exercise Option if rate is say 1 $ = Rs 49.00

20. Disadvantages of Options as compared to Forward Contracts
Put Option
No uprfront fees for booking contract
>Upfront fees payable , depending on volatility of USD/INR
Upside available only if exchange rate exceeds fee/premium for buying the Option.
Example : Option Price 1 $ = Rs 39.00
Premium = Rs
Upside available only if
USD/INR exceeds Rs

21. Why did Exporters prefer Zero Cost Option Structures ?
Exporters had been booking Forward Contracts for ages, and there was no fee for buying this hedging product.
They did not want to pay the Option premium which would cut into their business profits, as cost of Option could not be loaded on to the foreign buyer

22. Enter – Zero cost Option Structures
Forward Contracts
Zero –Cost Option Structure
>Down-side risk protected
>Upside potential limited to the rate at which forward contract booked
> No Upfront Fees
>Down side protected with Exporter buying a PUT Option
>Upside limited with Exporter writing/selling a CALL Option
>Cost of Put Option set-off by premium received by selling a CALL Option.
No net receipt or payment of premium, hence no upfront fees

23. Enter – Zero cost Option Structures
Forward Contracts
Zero –Cost Option Structure
Cancellation , when spot is lower than contracted rate, gives profit.
Cancellation of structure, when spot is lower may not necessarily result in profit, as Exporter would have to buy a matching CALL, and the premium is a function of ‘volatility’, and not a linear function.
In the case of Exotic Zero –Cost structures , the Premium for buying back the CALL, may be much more than the favourable movement of the spot.

24. Some arithmetic of Forwards and Zero –Cost Structures
Forward Contracts
Zero-Cost Structures
Exporter books 3 $ forward at 1 $ = Rs 39.00
Exporter buys a Zero Cost Structure:
1 $ 1 $ = Rs 39.00
2 $ 1 $ = Rs 41.00
On Due Date : 1$ = Rs 49.00
Exporter delivers $ 3 at Rs 39.00
Fx P/L ( Rs – ) = Rs 10.00
On Due date : 1 $ = Rs 49.00
Buyer of CALL excercises option at Rs 41.00
Exporter delivers 2 $ 1 $ = Rs 41.00
Exporter does not exercise PUT, and sells underlying 1 1 $ = Rs 49.00
Gain on PUT ( – ) = 10.00
Loss on CALL ( ) =
Total Loss ( 1 * 10) – ( 2*8) = ( 6)

25. Some arithmetic of Forwards and Zero –Cost Structures
Forward Contracts
Zero-Cost Structures
Exporter books 2 $ forward at 1 $ = Rs 39.00
Exporter buys a Zero Cost Structure:
1 $ 1 $ = Rs 41.00
2 $ 1 $ = Rs 41.00
On Due Date : 1$ = Rs 49.00
Exporter delivers $ 2 at Rs 39.00
Fx P/L ( Rs – ) = (-)Rs 10.00
Total Fx Loss ( 2 * 10 ) = (-) Rs 20.00
On Due date : 1 $ = Rs 49.00
Buyer of CALL excercises option at Rs 41.00
Exporter delivers 2 $ 1 $ = Rs 41.00
Exporter does not exercise PUT
Loss on CALL ( ) =
Total Loss ( 2*8) = (-) Rs 16

26. Some arithmetic of Forwards and Zero –Cost Structures
Forward Contracts
Zero-Cost Structures
Exporter books 2 $ forward at 1 $ = Rs 39.00
Exporter buys a Zero Cost Structure:
1 $ 1 $ = Rs 41.00
2 $ 1 $ = Rs 41.00
On Due Date : 1 $ = Rs 29.00
Exporter delivers $ 2 at Rs 39.00
Fx P/L ( Rs – ) = + Rs 10.00
Total Profit : ( 2 * 10.00) = + Rs 20.00
On Due date : 1 $ = Rs 29.00
Buyer of CALL does not excercise option at Rs 41.00
Exporter sells 1 $ unhedged 1 $ = Rs 29.00
Exporter exercises PUT, and delivers underlying 1 1 $ = Rs 41.00
Gain on PUT ( ) = Rs 12.00
Loss on unhedged underlying (39.00 – 29.00) = Rs OR
( ) = RS 12.00
Total Loss: (1 * 12) – ( 1 * 12) = (-) Rs 0.00
Or Profit : (1 * 12) – (1 * 10) = + Rs 2.00

27. Conclusions regarding choice between FC and Zero –Cost Option
Forward Contract
Zero Cost Option Structure
Most advantageous when :
Spot Lower than Contracted Rate
Most Advantageous when :
Spot Equal to the Forward Contract Rate
Least Advantageous When :
Spot Higher than Contracted Rate
Least Advantageous when :
Spot higher than Strike/Contracted Rate
From April 2007 to Oct 2008 –
USD/INR went up, and contracts booked at were in loss.
Where there are no underlyings , FX Loss adds to business loss, as corporate has to buy the underlying in the market and deliver.
USD/INR went up, and ZeroCost Structures booked at were in loss

28. Some arithmetic of Forwards and Zero –Cost Structures
Forward Contracts
Zero-Cost Structures
Exporter books 2 $ forward at 1 $ = Rs 39.00
Exporter buys a Zero Cost Structure:
1 $ 1 $ = Rs 41.00
2 $ 1 $ = Rs 41.00
On Due Date : 1 $ = Rs 39.00
Exporter delivers $ 2 at Rs 39.00
Fx P/L ( Rs – ) = NIL
Total Profit : NIL
On Due date : 1 $ = Rs 39.00
Buyer of CALL does not excercise option at Rs 41.00
Exporter sells 1 $ unhedged 1 $ = Rs 39.00
Exporter exercises PUT, and delivers underlying 1 1 $ = Rs 41.00
Gain on PUT ( ) = Rs 2.00
Loss on unhedged underlying (39.00 – 39.00) = NIL
Total Fx Profit : (2*1) = Rs2.00