1. Latin America
Chapter 9-11

3. Landforms and Resources
Mountains and Highlands
Andes Mountains (runs through South America, called the Rockies in North America)
Guiana Highlands (northeastern section of South America)
Brazilian highlands (east coast of S. America)
Plains for grain and livestock
Llanos- grassy, treeless plains used for feeding livestock and farming. Mostly in Colombia and Venezuela
Cerrado- savannahs with flat terrain and moderate rainfall used for farming. (In Brazil)
Pampas- grassland with rich soil (Northern Argentina and Uruguay)

5. Landforms and Resources Continued
The Amazon and other rivers
Amazon River
4,000 miles from east to west
Fed by 1,000 tributaries
Carries the most water to the ocean in the world!
MORE THEN THE NEXT SEVEN RIVERS COMBINED!
Parana River
Starts at the highlands of Brazil and travels 3,000 miles south and west .
Major Islands of the Caribbean

7. Major Islands of the Caribbean
The Greater Antilles
Jamaica, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico
The Lesser Antilles
Windward Islands- wind blows across them
Leeward Islands- sheltered from winds.

9. Resources Mineral Resources Energy Resources
Gold, silver, iron, copper, bauxite (aluminum ore), tin, lead, nickel.
Precious gems-, titanium and tungsten
Vast resources which are shipped to other countries for a profit
Energy Resources
Oil, coal, natural gas, uranium, and hydroelectric power

10. Climate and vegetation

11. A varied climate and vegetation
Ranges from hot and humid (Amazon river basin) to dry and desert-like (Mexico and southern Chile.
Rain forest, desert, and savanna all found in Latin America
Vegetation includes- rain forests, grasslands, desert scrub.
Warm currents from Atlantic Ocean and cold currents from Pacific Ocean affect climate

12. Tropical and Dry Climate Zones
Tropical Wet- Rain Forests, lots of trees (different species), hot and raining year round.
2,500 varieties of trees
Brazil nut tree grows 150 feet high
Anacondas, piranhas, and the jaguar can be found in this climate zone.
Dry Climate Zones-
Semiarid- generally dry, some rain. Grass covered plains. Countries include Mexico, Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina.
Desert- Northern Mexico and coast of Peru. Includes the Atacama Desert. Vegetation includes shrubs growing on gravel (rocks) and sand.

13. Mid Latitude Zones Humid Subtropical Mediterranean Marine West Coast
Highlands

14. Human Environment Interaction
Chapter 9 sec 3

15. Agriculture reshapes the environment
Slash and Burn- Removes trees and brush for farming. Ashes become nutrients for new crops.
Still used today
Improper use of land causes soil to be exhausted of nutrients (can’t grow anything)
Causing rain forests to shrink
Terraced Farming- Ancient technique for growing crops on hills/mountains
Technique reduces soil erosion.

17. Urbanization: Move to the Cities
Moving from country to city
In Argentina, Uruguay, Venezuela- most highly urbanized countries in S America
90% of People live in cities and towns in these countries
Push factors-Poor medical care, poor education, low-paying jobs, and lands not owned by the poor (owned by a few rich people)
Pull Factors- Higher-paying jobs, better schools, and better medical care.

18. Rapidly growing cities
Six cities in S America ranked regions largest city population.
Sao Paulo and Rio de Janerio in Brazil, Buenos Aries in Argentina, Lima in Peru, Bogota in Colombia, and Santiago in Chile.
Problems in cities
Slums
Unemployment
Crime
Pollution
Poor infrastructure

19. Tourism: Positive and Negative Impacts
Advantages
Brings in money to stimulate the economy
New Hotels, restaurants, boutiques (small stores), and other businesses
New jobs for local workers
Disadvantages
Resorts take over local land (eyesores)
Congestion (more people, more traffic)
Pollution increases
Builds debt to government for building tourist attractions
Pushes locals off of “valuable” land
Money does not stay in country (owners of resorts and companies send money back to their countries)

20. Bellringer (Note Based)
What are the “Rockys” of South America?
Llanos, Cerrado, and Pampas are all examples of what?
How many varieties of trees are in the rainforest? What is the tallest tree in the rainforest and how tall can it grow to?
What are two negative results of Slash and Burn in South America?
What are five issues in rapid growing cities across South America?
When finished review your notes with a person next to you to ensure you and they have all the notes for Latin America.

21. Human geography of latin America: A BLENDING OF CULTURES

22. SECTION 1: MEXICO

23. NATIVE AMERICANS AND THE SPANISH CONQUEST
Many native groups
Toltecs, Maya, and Aztecs are major groups
Spanish Conquest began in 1519 when Hernando Cortés landed
Conquered Tenochtitlán (Aztec capital) by 1521

24. COLONY AND COUNTRY Mexico became a Spanish colony
Independence won in 1821
1822: Agustín Iturbide declares himself emperor
Mid 1800s: Benito Juaréz becomes the first president of Mexico

25. COLONY AND COUNTRY CONTINUED
Porfirio Díaz succeeds Juárez
He was dishonest
Led to revolution led by Francisco Madero, Pancho Villa, and Emiliano Zapata
1917: new constitution adopted—redistributes land to peasants

26. ONE-PARTY RULE
1929: Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) rises to prominence
Did not tolerate opposition
Led to corruption
Ousted in 1997
2000: Vicente Fox becomes first non-PRI president in 71 years

27. Bellringer
Where did we last stop on our notes (write down the last sentence you have from your notes)?
How did you fair through the hurricane?
What continent is Brazil on? Canada? Mexico?
What region is Mexico apart of? Canada? Brazil?

28. A MEETING OF CULTURES

29. AZTECS AND THE SPANISH Aztecs came from northern Mexico
C A.D.: Settled in Tenochtitlán in Lake Texcoco
Performed human sacrifices
1521: Cortés destroys Tenochtitlan and builds Mexico City on top

30. AZTECS AND SPANISH CONTINUED
Spanish brought language, Catholicism
Mestizos: people of mixed Spanish and Native American heritage

31. MEXICAN PAINTERS Painting became public art
Large murals on public buildings
Famous artists: José Orozco, Diego Rivera, David Siquerios, and Juan O’Gorman, Frida Kahlo

32. ECONOMICS

33. OIL AND MANUFACTURING Large oil reserves
Manufacturing is the most important
Maquiladoras: factories that assemble imported materials into finished products that are then exported
Many are companies from the U.S.

34. NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement 1994
Goal: eliminate trade and investment barriers between Mexico, U.S., and Canada

35. EMIGRATION, WORK, AND SCHOOL
2000 mile border with the U.S.
Many leave to search for work
Many uneducated in Mexico

36. SECTION 2: CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

37. MAYA INFLUENCE
Mayans built cities in present-day Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras
Central city was Tikal, in northern Guatemala

38. SPANISH IN CENTRAL AMERICA
Spain ruled Central America until the 19th century
Mexico ruled it until 1823
United Provinces of Central America declared independence from Mexico
Late 1830s: UPCA split into El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Honduras

39. CARIBBEAN INFLUENCES 1492: Columbus reaches Caribbean islands
Called natives “Los Indios”
They were the Taino
Spanish settled and set up sugar plantations
Used Taino as slave---many died of disease and abuse

40. CARIBBEAN INFLUENCES CONTINUED
African slaves were brought to replace Taino
The Caribbean today is heavily influenced by African life and culture

41. COLONIAL MOSAIC
By 19th century, Spanish, French, Dutch, British, and Danish all had Caribbean claims
They relied on sugar
This brought more and more African slaves

42. CARIBBEAN INDEPENDENCE
1790s: Haiti becomes first independence movement in Latin America
Slave revolt led by Toussaint L’Ouverture
Won in 1804
Cuba independent from Spain in 1898
Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago in 1962 from Britain

43. CULTURE OF CENTRAL AMERICA
2 major elements:
1) Native American influence
2) Spanish
Catholicism is major religion

44. CULTURE OF THE CARIBBEAN
Spanish, Dutch, French, British, Danish, African, and Native American influences
Mix of Catholic and Protestant
Santeria, Voodoo (Haiti), and Rastafarianism (Jamaica)

45. Bellringer 10/18 Where did the Aztecs settle? What are Mestizos?
Frida Kahlo was a what?
How long is the U.S and Mexican border?
What is the main religion of South America?
Toussaint L’Ouverture led a revolt in what country and when?
What did Columbus call the native people he encountered in the Caribbean?

46. ECONOMICS: JOBS AND PEOPLE

47. FARMING AND TRADE Caribbean: Sugar is largest export crop
Bananas, citrus fruits, coffee, and spices also important
Pay is low for workers
Per-capita income low
Central America: commercial farming
Panama Canal: canal running through Panama, connecting the Atlantic Pacific Oceans

48. WHERE PEOPLE LIVE AND WHY
Central America: Most live in rural areas because most people work on farms
Caribbean: most live in cities
Hope to find jobs in tourism

49. POPULAR CULTURE, TOURISM, AND JOBS

50. MUSIC OF THE CARIBBEAN
Calypso: music that began in Trinidad and combines musical elements from Africa, Spain, and the Caribbean
Reggae: music that developed in Jamaica in the 1960s and is rooted in African, Caribbean, and American music, often dealing with social problems and religion

51. TOURISM AND THE INFORMAL ECONOMY
Hotels and resorts are an important industry in the Caribbean
Informal economy: jobs outside official channels, w/o benefits for workers
Ex: street vendors

52. SECTION 3: SPANISH-SPEAKING SOUTH AMERICA

53. INCA Civilization in the Andes (Peru) Centered in Cuzco
Empire extended 2500 miles at height
Built roads

54. SPANISH CONQUEST Francisco Pizarro conquers Inca empire
Harsh treatment of natives
Inca language Quechua, taken over by Spanish
Quechua is still spoken today

55. INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS
Began in 1st half of 19th century
Simón Bolívar led rebellions for Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Bolivia
José de San Martín helped to liberate Argentina, Chile, and Peru

56. GOVERNMENT BY THE FEW
Oligarchy (rule by few) and military rule are common in S. America
Authoritarian rule—obedience to authority over individual freedom—also is common

57. Bellringer 10/19
Write the answers on separate sheet of paper to be turned in for grading.
20 mins from end of announcements to complete assignment
1) What products are created and exported from central America?
2) Why is the Panama Canal important?
3)Where do most people live in central America? The Caribbean?
4) What are two music styles of the Caribbean?
5)What was the capitol of the Inca Empire?
6)What is the Inca Language?
7) Who are the two men that led revolutions in Latin America?
8) What type of government pushes for obedience to authority over individual freedom?

58. CULTURAL MOSAIC

59. LITERATURE Gabriel Garciá Márquez (Colombia)
Most famous S. American author
Won Pulitzer Prize for literature in 1982

60. MUSIC Pop music and folk music
Music combines Indian, African, and European elements
Classical music is also very important throughout the region

61. ARTS AND CRAFTS Artisan works popular
Pottery, textiles, glasswork, and metalwork
Mix of aesthetics and usefulness

62. ECONOMICS: RESOURCES AND TRADE
Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana: crops for export
Colombia and Venezuela: oil, coffee, narcotics
Peru and Ecuador: fishing
Argentina: grain and livestock
Paraguay: beans, cotton

63. CHILE’S SUCCESS STORY S. America’s economic success story
Rich mines (copper is Chile’s largest export)
Fruits and vegetables
Associate member of Mercosur: an economic common market that began operations in 1995 (Think of NAFTA)

64. LITERACY IN S. AMERICA Higher literacy rates than Central America
Literacy rate among women is about equal with men

65. LITERACY IN CHILE Literacy rate is 95% in Chile 98% among those 15-19
Education is highly valued in Chile

66. SECTION 4: BRAZIL

67. HISTORY: A DIVIDED CONTINENT
Spain and Portugal were competing for colonies
To avoid conflict, Pope Alexander VI created the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
This divided the world between Spain and Portugal
Portugal got Brazil in S. America

68. PORTUGUESE CONQUEST Colonists arrive early 1500s
1-5 million natives already there
Search for gold and silver was fruitless
Sugar plantations set up instead
Settlement patterns were on the coast
African slaves brought

69. INDEPENDENCE FOR BRAZIL
Napoleon defeated in 1815
Demand for independence
Petitioned the king of Portugal
People asked that Dom Pedro, son of the king, rule the independent Brazil
Sept. 1822: Brazil declared independent

70. Bell-ringer 10/20
Write the answers on separate sheet of paper to be turned in for grading.
20 mins from end of announcements to complete assignment
1) Who was the most famous S. American author that won the Pulitzer Prize for literature in 1982?
2) Music from Latin America combines what three cultural elements (What cultures is the music based off of)?
3) What three resources can be found in Colombia and Venezuela?
4) What is the literacy rate between men and women in South America?
5) What treaty divided the new world into two parts (one half controlled by Spain the other half by Portugal)?
6) What type of plantations were created in Brazil?
7) When did Brazil gain its independence?

71. A mix of Portuguese, African, and Native elements…
A NATIONAL CULTURE

72. THE PEOPLE OF BRAZIL Only around 200,000 natives remain
Many immigrants
They come from Portugal, Germany, Italy, Spain, Lebanon, and Syria
Brazil has largest Japanese population outside of Japan

73. LANGUAGE AND RELIGION Speak Portuguese
Catholic majority (largest Catholic population in the world)
20% Protestant
Other: mix of African and Catholic practices

74. AN ECONOMIC GIANT AWAKENS
Brazil is a growing economic power. It has abundant natural resources
AN ECONOMIC GIANT AWAKENS

75. AN INDUSTRIAL POWER Rich in iron, bauxite, tin, manganese
Gold, silver, titanium, chromite, tungsten, and quartz also available
Hydroelectricity
Large oil and natural gas reserves
One of the most industrialized countries in S. America

76. MIGRATION TO CITIES Large gap between rich and poor
Urbanization occurs to improve life
87% now live in cities

77. MIGRATION TO THE INTERIOR
Capital city of Brasília built in 1957 to attract people to the interior
Commercial ag in the Cerrado (Great Plains of S. America) draws new jobs to interior

78. BRAZILIAN LIFE TODAY

79. FROM CARNIVAL TO MARTIAL ARTS
Carnival: most colorful feast day in Brazil
Big in Rio de Janeiro
Samba: Brazilian dance with African influences
Capoeira: martial art; blends Brazilian dance; brought from Angola

80. CITY LIFE IN RIO DE JANEIRO
Rio is the cultural center of Brazil
Sugarloaf Mountain, Guanabara Bay, Copacabana Beach are popular tourist sites
Favelas: very poor slums—high crime rate

81. Chapter 11: today’s issues in Latin America

82. RAINFOREST LAND USES
Vegetation helps clean the atmosphere, regulate climate, and shelter millions of species
Biodiversity: the variety of organisms within an ecosystem

83. CLEARING THE RAINFORESTS
World demand for timber is high
Farmers use slash and burn to create fields
Ranchers clear forest for grazing land

84. POPULATION PRESSURE
Brazil’s population should reach 200 million by 2020
This creates need for new houses (timber) and more living space

85. THE PRICE OF DESTRUCTION

86. DEFORESTATION Deforestation: cutting down and clearing away of trees
Long term effects far outweigh the short term

87. ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
Trees absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen
Deforestation leads to a build-up of CO2
This prevents heat from escaping the earth
This builds up the temperature
This is Global Warming

88. PLANTS AND ANIMALS IN DANGER
50% of the world’s plant and animal species are in the rainforest
Plants are used to create new medicines

89. MOVING TOWARD SOLUTIONS

90. A JUGGLING ACT
Countries struggle with how to balance economic concerns with environmental ones
Move is to educate people as to the value of the rainforest

91. FIGHTING ECONOMICS WITH ECONOMICS
Debt-for-nature swap: debt reducing deal wherein an organization agrees to pay off a certain amount of government debt in return for government protection of a certain portion of rain forest

92. SECTION 2: GIVING CITIZENS A VOICE

93. THE LEGACY OF COLONIALISM
Rich and powerful ruled most countries during and immediately after Spanish rule (Oligarchy)
Limited free speech, censoring of the press, punish dissent
Junta: a govt run by generals after a military takeover

94. THE RULE OF THE CAUDILLO
Caudillo: a military dictator or political boss
Got support from the military and wealthy
Ex: Juan Perón of Argentina, PRI of Mexico

95. ESTABLISHING STABLE DEMOCRACIES

96. GOALS OF REFORM Establish constitutional governments
Participation of citizens
Economic stability
Gender and racial equality

97. LAND REFORM
Def: process of breaking up large landholdings and giving portions of the land to land-poor peasant farmers